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Auditory Processing Disorders with and without Central Auditory Discrimination Deficits

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Abstract

Auditory processing disorder (APD) is defined as a processing deficit in the auditory modality and spans multiple processes. To date, APD diagnosis is mostly based on the utilization of speech material. Adequate nonspeech tests that allow differentiation between an actual central hearing disorder and related disorders such as specific language impairments are still not adequately available. In the present study, 84 children between 6 and 17 years of age (clinical group), referred to three audiological centers for APD diagnosis, were evaluated with standard audiological tests and additional auditory discrimination tests. Latter tests assessed the processing of basic acoustic features at two different stages of the ascending central auditory system: (1) auditory brainstem processing was evaluated by quantifying interaural frequency, level, and signal duration discrimination (interaural tests). (2) Diencephalic/telencephalic processing was assessed by varying the same acoustic parameters (plus signals with sinusoidal amplitude modulation), but presenting the test signals in conjunction with noise pulses to the contralateral ear (dichoticsignal/noise tests). Data of children in the clinical group were referenced to normative data obtained from more than 300 normally developing healthy school children. The results in the audiological and the discrimination tests diverged widely. Of the 39 children that were diagnosed with APD in the audiological clinic, 30 had deficits in auditory performance. Even more alarming was the fact that of the 45 children with a negative APD diagnosis, 32 showed clear signs of a central hearing deficit. Based on these results, we suggest revising current diagnostic procedure to evaluate APD in order to more clearly differentiate between central auditory processing deficits and higher-order (cognitive and/or language) processing deficits.

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Acknowledgments

The authors want to thank Jürgen Baldauf who pioneered this investigation, but sadly and unexpectedly passed away during this study. Furthermore, we want to thank Karin Wenke and Katrin Dransfeld for supporting audiological data collection and allocation of diagnoses, and Ulrike Barth and Beate Günther for helping with the recruitment of control participants. Special thanks go to Gerd Joachim Dörrscheidt who implemented the threshold estimation algorithm and helped with the statistical analysis. We also thank Elizabeth Kelly for the proofreading of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Phoniatrics and Audiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Alexandra Annemarie Ludwig & Michael Fuchs

  2. Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Alexandra Annemarie Ludwig & Rudolf Rübsamen

  3. Faculty of Medicine, Section of Phoniatrics and Pedaudiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany

    Eberhard Kruse

  4. Center of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Markersdorfer Strasse 124, 09122, Chemnitz, Germany

    Brigitte Uhlig

  5. Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Sonja Annette Kotz

Authors
  1. Alexandra Annemarie Ludwig
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  2. Michael Fuchs
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  3. Eberhard Kruse
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  4. Brigitte Uhlig
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  5. Sonja Annette Kotz
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  6. Rudolf Rübsamen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexandra Annemarie Ludwig.

Additional information

The study was carried out in all institutions.

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

TABLE 7 Audiological data
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Ludwig, A.A., Fuchs, M., Kruse, E. et al. Auditory Processing Disorders with and without Central Auditory Discrimination Deficits. JARO 15, 441–464 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-014-0450-3

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