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Temporal variability in the way local habitat affects duck population growth

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Population Ecology

Abstract

Climate change is expected to lead to greater temporal climatic variability across broad spatial extents. A potential consequence is that shifts in climatic conditions might alter how local habitat affects the population growth of animals dependent on those habitats for at least part of their life cycle. We tested whether such a phenomenon occurred when the North American Prairie Pothole Region transitioned through periods of wet and dry conditions by modeling the population growth of seven duck species over 52 years (1961–2012). We found that the influence of local habitat quality—indexed by wetland availability—on duck population growth varied in magnitude and direction on an annual basis. While the effect of wetlands was relatively small in most years, there were some years in which wetlands strongly affected duck population growth in both positive and negative directions (e.g., negative in 2002 and positive in 2008). Contrary to our expectation, inter-annual variability in the effect of wetlands on duck population growth did not depend on regional precipitation. We also found that for two species—American Wigeon (Anas americana) and Green-winged Teal (A. carolinensis)—duck population growth in the presence of wetlands rarely differed from what would be expected solely under density dependence. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the effect of local habitat on population growth varies over time even if the cause of that variation remains unexplained. Consequently, any study that attempts to identify a species’ critical habitat using time series abundance data must consider that local relationships are non-stationary. More complicated measures of climate change may reveal how local drivers of population growth depend on broader temporal climatic patterns.

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Acknowledgments

We thank all of those who have diligently surveyed for ducks as part of the North American Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey. This research was undertaken, in part, thanks to funding from the Canada Research Chairs program. Additional funding came from the Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research through Ducks Unlimited Canada and the Branch of Population and Habitat Assessment, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We appreciate the constructive feedback provided by the handling editor, an anonymous reviewer, and David Koons.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Trent University, Life and Health Science Building, Block D, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada

    Richard E. Feldman & Dennis L. Murray

  2. Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, Stonewall, MB, R0C 2Z0, Canada

    Michael G. Anderson & David W. Howerter

  3. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 #130. Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Richard E. Feldman

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  1. Richard E. Feldman
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  2. Michael G. Anderson
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  3. David W. Howerter
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  4. Dennis L. Murray
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Correspondence to Richard E. Feldman.

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Feldman, R.E., Anderson, M.G., Howerter, D.W. et al. Temporal variability in the way local habitat affects duck population growth. Popul Ecol 58, 525–533 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-016-0560-3

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