Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational technique which provides information about the chemical structure. Nevertheless, since many chemicals are present in a sample at very low concentration, the Raman signal observed is extremely weak. In surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Raman signals can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude when nanoparticles are used. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the breast cancer detection based on serum SERS. The serum samples were obtained from 12 patients who were clinically diagnosed with advanced breast cancer and 15 controls. In the same proportion, the serum samples were mixed with colloidal gold nanoparticles of 40 nm using sonication. At least 10 spectra were collected of each serum sample using a Jobin-Yvon LabRAM Raman Spectrometer with a laser of 830 nm. Raw spectra were processed by carrying baseline correction, smoothing, and normalization and then analyzed using principle component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Raman spectra showed strongly enhanced bands in the 600–1800 cm −1 range due to the nanoparticle colloidal clusters observed. These Raman bands allowed identifying biomolecules present at low concentration as amide I and III, β carotene, glutathione, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. Preliminary results demonstrated that SERS and PCA-LDA can be used to discriminate between control and cancer samples with high sensitivity and specificity. SERS allowed short exposures and required a minimal sample preparation. The preliminary results suggest that SERS and PCA-LDA could be an excellent support technique for the breast cancer detection using serum samples.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Elmore G, Barton MB, Moceri VM, Polk S, Arena PJ, Fletcher SW (1998) Ten-year risk of false positive screening mammograms and clinical breast examinations. New Eng J Med 3883:1089–1096
Cleveland cancer nanotechnology symposium, overcoming barriers to collaboration, October 2004
Haka AS, Shafer-Peltier KE, Fitzmaurice M, Crowe J, Dasari RR, Feld MS (2005) Diagnosing breast cancer by using Raman spectroscopy. PNAS 102(35):12371–12376
Chowdary MVP, Kalyan Kumar K, Kurien J, Mathew S, Murali Krishna C (2006) Discrimination of normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues by Raman spectroscopy. Biopolymers 83:556–569
Pichardo-Molina JL, Frausto-Reyes C, Barbosa-García O, Huerta-Franco R, González-Trujillo JL, Ramírez-Alvarado CA, Gutiérrez-Juárez G, Medina-Gutiérrez C (2006) Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis of serum simples from breast cancer patients. Laser Med Sci 10103:432– 438
González-Solís JL, Martínez-Espinosa JC, Torres-González LA, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy AC, Palomares-Anda P (2014) Cervical cancer detection based on serum samples Raman spectroscopy. Lasers Med Sci 29:979–985
González-Solís JL, Martínez-Espinosa JC, Salgado-Román JM, Palomares-Anda P (2014) Monitoring of chemotherapy leukemia treatment using Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis. Lasers Med Sci 29:1241–1249
Rabah R, Weber R, Serhatkulu GK, Cao A, Dai H, Pandya A, Naik R, Auner G, Poulik J, Klein M (2008) Diagnosis of neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma using Raman spectroscopy. J Pediatr Surg 43:171–176
Chan S, Kwon S, Koo TW, Lee LP, Berlin AA (2003) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of small molecules from silver coated silicon nanopores. Adv Mater 15(19):1595–1598
Garrell RL (1989) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem 61(6):401A-402A, 404A, 406A-408A, 410A-411A
Haes AJ, Zou S, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP (2004) A nanoscale optical biosensor: the long range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 108 (1):109–116
Vo-Dinh T (1995) In: Halevi P (ed) Photonic probes of surfaces. Elsevier, New York
González-Solís JL, Luévano-Colmenero GH, Vargas-Mancilla J (2013) Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy in breast cancer cells. Laser Therapy 22(1):37–42
Kneipp K, Haka AS, Kneipp H, Badizadegan K, Yoshizawa N, Boone C, Shafer-Peltier KE, Motz JT, Dasari RR, Feld MS (2002) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in single living cells using gold nanoparticles. Appl Spectrosc 56(2):150–154
Dutta R, Sharma PK, Pandey AC (2009) Surface enhanced Raman spectra of Escherichia Coli cells using ZnO nanoparticles. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 4(1):83–87
Feng S, Chen R, Lin J, Pan J, Wu Y, Li Y, Chen J, Zeng H (2011) Gastric cancer detection based on blood plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy excited by polarized laser light. Biosens Bioelectron 26:3167–3174
Sánchez-Rojo SA, Martínez-zerega BE, Velázquez-Pedroza EF, Martínez-Espinosa JC, Torres-González LA, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suárez LF, Palomares-Anda P, González-Solís JL (2016) Cervical Cancer Detection Based on Serum Sample Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, article accepted in Rev Mex Fis
Vargas-Obieta E, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suárez LF, González-solís JL (2015) Breast cancer detection based on serum sample surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In: Proceedings of the Laser Florence Congress, Florence, Nov 2015, Medimond Proceeding
Lin J, Chen R, Feng S, Pan J, Li Y, Chen G, Cheng M, Huang Z, Yu Y, Zeng H (2011) A novel blood plasma analysis technique combining membrane electrophoresis with silver nanoparticle-based SERS spectroscopy for potential applications in noninvasive cancer detection. Nanomed: Nanotechnol, Biol Med 7:655–663
Everitt BS, Dunn G (1991) Applied multivariate data analysis. Edward Arnold, London, pp 228–238
Stone N, Kendall C, et al. (2002) Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for the classification of epithelial pre-cancers and cancers. J Raman Spectrosc 33:564–573
Shafer-Peltier KE, Haka AS, Fitzmaurice M, Crowe J, Myles J, Dasari RR, Feld MS (2002) Raman microespectroscopic model of human breast tissue: implications for breast cancer diagnosis in vivo. J Raman Spectrosc 33:552–563
De Gelder J, De Gussem K, Vandenabeele P, Moens L (2007) Reference database of Raman spectra of biological molecules. J Raman Spectrosc 38:1133–1147
Stone N, Kendall C, Smith J, et al. (2004) Raman spectroscopy for identification of epithelial cancers. Faraday Discuss 126:141– 57
Boelens HF, Eiler PH, Hankemeier T (2005) Sing constrains improve the detection of differences between complex spectral data sets: LC-IR as an example. Anal Chem 77(24):7998– 8007
Kneipp K, Kneipp H, Manoharan R, Hanlon EB, Itzkan I, Dasari RR, Feld MS (1998) Extremely large enhancement factors in surface-enhanced raman scattering for molecules on colloidal gold clusters. Appl Spectrosc 52:1493–1497
Kneipp K, Flemming J (1986) Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of nucleic acids adsrobed on colloidal silver particles. J Mol Struct 145:173–179
Nogueira VG, Silveira L (2005) Raman spectroscopy study of atherosclerosis in human carotid artery. J Biomed Opt 10:031117–1–031117-7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vargas-Obieta, E., Martínez-Espinosa, J.C., Martínez-Zerega, B.E. et al. Breast cancer detection based on serum sample surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Lasers Med Sci 31, 1317–1324 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-1976-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-1976-x