Abstract
The aim of our study was to analyse decision making in early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients performing the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). We compared 19 patients with early-onset PD (≤45 years) on dopaminergic medication (no evidence of depression, dementia, executive dysfunction according to the Tower of London test and the Stroop test, or pathological gambling) with 20 age-matched controls. A computer version of the IGT was employed. The PD patients achieved slightly lower IGT scores than the control group. A detailed analysis based on ‘shift frequencies’ between the individual decks showed that the patients tended to change their preferences for the decks more frequently, with a higher preference for the ‘disadvantageous’ deck B. Control subjects seemed to develop a more effective strategy. These differences could be caused by the poorer ability of the patients to develop any strategy at all. We observed changes in decision making during IGT performance in patients with early-onset PD, although they had no executive dysfunction as measured by established neuropsychological tests. The more detailed analysis employed in the present study could lead to a more accurate study of IGT performance and application of IGT in clinical practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Pagonabarraga J, García-Sánchez C, Llebaria G et al (2007) Controlled study of decision-making and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 22(10):1430–1435
Kobayakawa M, Koyama S, Mimura M et al (2008) Decision making in Parkinson’s disease: analysis of behavioral and psychological patterns in the Iowa Gambling Task. Mov Disord 23(4):547–552
Siri C, Cilia R, De Gaspari D et al (2010) Psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease assessed with the SCL-90R self reported questionnaire. Neurol Sci 31(1):35–40
Antonini A, Siri C, Santangelo G et al (2011) Impulsivity and compulsivity in drug-naïve patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 26(3):464–468
Gescheidt T, Bareš M (2011) Impulse control disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Belg 111:3–9
Voon V, Hassan K, Zurowski M et al (2006) Prospective prevalence of pathological gambling and medication association in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 66(11):1750–1752
Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H et al (1994) Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition 50(1–3):7–15
Bechara A, Damasio A, Tranel D et al (2005) The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: some questions and answers. Trends Cogn Sci 9(4):159–162
Buelow MT, Suhr JA (2009) Construct validity of the Iowa Gambling Task. Neuropsychol Rev 19(1):102–114
Toplak ME, Sorge GB, Benoit A et al (2010) A review of associations between Iowa Gambling Task performance, executive functions and intelligence. Clin Psychol Rev 30:562–581
Zald D, Andreotti C (2010) Neuropsychological assesment of the orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 48:3377–339
Poletti M, Caverdini P, Bonuccelli U (2011) Iowa Gambling Task in Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 33(4):395–409
Poletti M, Frosini D, Lucetti C et al (2010) Decision making in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 25(10):1432–1436
Bechara A (2007) Iowa Gambling Task professional manual. Lutz: psychological assessment resources
Ferguson E, Bibby PA, Rosamond S et al (2009) Alexithymia, cumulative feedback, and differential response patterns on the Iowa Gambling Task. J Pers 77(3):883–902
Ward CD, Gibb WR (1990) Research diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 53:245–249
Fahn S, Elton RL, and members of the UPDRS Development Committee (1987) Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, Calne DB, Goldstein M (eds) Recent developments in Parkinson’s disease. Florham Park: Mac Millan Healthcare Information, 153–163
Hoehn M, Yahr M (1967) Parkinsonism: onset, pregression and mortality. Neurology 17:427–442
Tomlinson CL, Stowe R, Patel S et al (2010) Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 25(15):2649–2685
Shallice T (1982) Specific impairments of planning. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 298:199–209
Stroop JR (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol 18(6):643–662
Montgomery SA, Asberg M (1979) A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134(4):382–389
Lesieur HR, Blume SB (1987) The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathologic gamblers. Am J Psychiatry 144(9):1184–1188
Christenson GA, Faber RJ, de Zwaan M et al (1994) Compulsive buying: descriptive characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity. J Clin Psychiatry 55:5–11
Fukui H, Murai T, Fukuyama H et al (2005) Functional activity related to risk anticipation during performance of the Iowa Gambling Task. Neuroimage 24(1):253–259
Singh V, Khan A (2009) Heterogeneity in choices on Iowa Gambling Task: preference for infrequent-high magnitude punishment. Mind Soc 8:43–59
Lin CH, Chiu YC, Lee PL et al (2007) Is deck B a disadvantageous deck in the Iowa Gambling Task? Behav Brain Funct 3:16
Chiu YC, Lin CH (2007) Is deck C an advantageous deck in the Iowa Gambling Task? Behav Brain Funct 3:37
Fum D, Napoli A, Stocco A (2008) Somatic markers and frequency effects: Does emotion really play a role on decision making in the Iowa gambling task? In: Sloutsky V, Love B, McRae K (eds) 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Lawrence Erlbaum, Washington, DC, pp 1203–1208
Moye LA (2003) Multiple analyses in clinical trials. Springer Press, New York
Ibarretxe–Bilbao N, Junque C, Tolosa E et al (2009) Neuroanatomical correlates of impaired decision making and facial emotion recognition in early Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 30:1162–1170
Mimura M, Oeda R, Kawamura M (2006) Impaired decision-making in Parkinson’s disease. Park Rel Disord 12:169–175
Czernecki V, Pillon B, Houeto JL et al (2002) Motivation, reward and Parkinson’s disease: influence of dopatherapy. Neuropsychologia 40:2257–2267
Delazer M, Sinz H, Zamarian L et al (2009) Decision making under risk and under ambiguity in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia 47:1901–1908
Evans CE, Kemish K, Turnbull OH (2004) Paradoxical effects of education on the Iowa Gambling Task. Brain Cognition 54(3):240–244
Euteneuer F, Schaefer F, Stuermer R et al (2009) Dissociation of decision making under ambiguity and decision making under risk in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a neuropsychological and psychophysiological study. Neuropsychologia 47:2882–2890
Leung HC, Skudlarski P, Gatenbz JC et al (2000) An event-related functional MRI of the Stroop Color Word Interference Task. Cereb Cortex 10:552–560
Poletti M, Frosini D, Lucetti C et al (2012) Iowa gambling task in de novo Parkinson’s disease: a comparison between good and poor performers. Mov Disord 27(2):330–332
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the project “CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology” (CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0068) from European Regional Development Fund and Research program of Czech Ministry of Education MSM 0021622404 (M.B., I.H., T.G., S.T., R.K., R.M., M.M.). The participation of T.U. and K.C. was supported by a Research project of the Czech Science Foundation, no. P407/12/2432.
Ethical standards
The study has been approved by appropriate ethics committee and has therefore been performed in accordance with ethical standards laid down in the 1964 declaration of Helsinki.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gescheidt, T., Czekóová, K., Urbánek, T. et al. Iowa Gambling Task in patients with early-onset Parkinson’s disease: strategy analysis. Neurol Sci 33, 1329–1335 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-1086-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-1086-x