Abstract
This study describes how three individual fish, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), developed a novel behaviour and learnt to use a dorsally attached external tag to activate a self-feeder. This behaviour was repeated up to several hundred times, and over time these fish fine-tuned the behaviour and made a series of goal-directed coordinated movements needed to attach the feeder’s pull string to the tag and stretch the string until the feeder was activated. These observations demonstrate a capacity in cod to develop a novel behaviour utilizing an attached tag as a tool to achieve a goal. This may be seen as one of the very few observed examples of innovation and tool use in fish.
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Acknowledgments
This study has been carried out with financial support from Institute of Marine Research, Norway, Research Council of Norway, and the Commission of the European Communities, through Cost Action 867, Short Term Scientific Mission allocated to S.M. We would like to thank Stein Mortensen for the drawings in Fig. 1. We are grateful to two anonymous referees and to editor for their valuable comments.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical standards
The work was conducted in accordance with the laws and regulations controlling experiments and procedures on live animals in Norway following the Norwegian Regulation on Animal Experimentation 1996.
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Sandie Millot and Jonatan Nilsson have contributed equally to this work.
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Millot, S., Nilsson, J., Fosseidengen, J.E. et al. Innovative behaviour in fish: Atlantic cod can learn to use an external tag to manipulate a self-feeder. Anim Cogn 17, 779–785 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-013-0710-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-013-0710-3