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Insights into Andean slope hydrology: reservoir characteristics of the thermal Pica spring system, Pampa del Tamarugal, northern Chile

Nouvelles connaissances de l’hydrologie des pentes Andéennes: caractéristiques des réservoirs du système de sources thermales de Pica, Pampa de Tamarugal, nord du Chili

Conocimiento en la hidrología de la pendiente andina: características de los reservorios del sistema de manantiales termales de Pica, Pampa del Tamarugal, norte de Chile

安第斯山坡水文状况的认识:智利北部Pampa del Tamarugal地区Pica温泉系统的水储特征

Visão sobre a hidrologia da encosta Andina: características do reservatório do sistema de nascentes termais de Pica, Pampa del Tamarugal, norte do Chile

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Abstract

The thermal Pica springs, at ∼1,400 m above sea level (asl) in the Pampa del Tamarugal (Chile), represent a low-saline spring system at the eastern margin of the hyper-arid Atacama Desert, where groundwater resources are scarce. This study investigates the hydrogeological and geothermal characteristics of their feed reservoir, fostered by the interpretation of a 20-km east–west-heading reflection-seismic line in the transition zone from the Andean Precordillera to the Pampa del Tamarugal. Additional hydrochemical, isotope and hydrologic time-series data support the integrated analysis. One of the main factors that enabled the development of the spring-related vertical fracture system at Pica, is a disruption zone in the Mesozoic Basement caused by intrusive formations. This destabilized the younger Oligocene units under the given tectonic stress conditions; thus, the respective groundwater reservoir is made up of fractured Oligocene units of low to moderate permeability. Groundwater recharge takes place in the Precordillera at ∼3,800 m asl. From there groundwater flow covers a height difference of ∼3,000 m with a maximum circulation depth of ∼800–950 m, where the waters obtain their geothermal imprint. The maximal expected reservoir temperature, as confirmed by geothermometers, is ∼55 °C. Corrected mean residence times of spring water and groundwater plot at 1,200–4,300 years BP and yield average interstitial velocities of 6.5–22 m/year. At the same time, the hydraulic head signal, as induced by recharge events in the Precordillera, is transmitted within 20–24 months over a distance of ∼32 km towards the Andean foothills at Pica and Puquio Nunez.

Résumé

Les sources thermales de Pica, d’altitude ∼1,400 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer (asl) dans la Pampa de Tamarugal (Chili), représentent un système de sources de faible salinité localisé sur la marge orientale du désert hyper-aride de l’Atacama où les ressources en eau sont rares. Cette étude se focalise sur les caractéristiques hydrogéologiques et hydrothermales du réservoir alimentant ces sources, s’appuyant sur l’interprétation d’un profil de sismique réflexion de 20 km allant d’est en ouest dans la zone de transition de la précordillère des Andes à la Pampa de Tamarugal. Des données de suivi temporel hydrochimique, isotopique et hydrologique appuient cette analyse. Un des principaux facteurs qui permet le développement de sources liées au système de fractures verticales de Pica, est la zone de déplacement du socle Mésozoïque causé par des formations intrusives. Ceci a déstabilisé les unités les plus récentes de l’Oligocène sous l’effet des conditions de contrainte tectonique. Ainsi, le réservoir d’eau souterraine est localisé dans les unités fracturées de l’Oligocène de faible à moyenne perméabilité. La recharge des eaux souterraines prend place au niveau de la Précordillère vers ∼3,800 m asl. De là les flux d’eau souterraine parcourent une différence d’altitude de ∼3,000 m avec une profondeur de circulation maximum de ∼800–950 m d’où les eaux acquièrent leur caractère thermal. La température maximum du réservoir est de ∼55 °C, comme le confirme les géothermomètres. Les temps moyens de résidence corrigés pour les eaux thermales et les eaux souterraines vont de 1,200–4,300 ans BP et les vitesses moyennes interstitielles de 6.2–22 m/an. Dans le même temps, le signal de charge hydraulique, induit par les épisodes de recharge dans la Précordillère, est transmis avec un délai de 20–24 mois sur une distance d’environ 32 km allant jusqu’aux contreforts des Andes à Pica et Puquio Nunez.

Resumen

Los manantiales termales de Pica, a 1,400 m sobre el nivel del mar en Pampa del Tamarugal (Chile), representan un sistema de manantiales de baja salinidad en el margen oriental del desierto de Atacama, donde los recursos de agua subterránea son escasos. Este estudio investiga las características hidrogeológicas y geotérmicas de su reservorio de alimentación, fomentado por la interpretación de una línea sísmica de reflexión de dirección este-oeste de 20 km en la zona de transición de la precordillera andina a la Pampa del Tamarugal. Los datos hidroquímicos, isotópicos e hidrológicos adicionales de series de tiempo apoyan el análisis integrado. Uno de los principales factores que permitió el desarrollo del sistema de fractura vertical relacionado con el manantial en Pica, es una zona de interrupción en el basamento mesozoico causada por formaciones intrusivas. Esto desestabilizó a las unidades del Oligoceno más jóvenes bajo las condiciones tectónicas de estrés. De este modo, el reservorio respectivo de agua subterránea está constituido por unidades del Oligoceno fracturadas de permeabilidad baja a moderada. La recarga de agua subterránea tiene lugar en la Precordillera a unos 3,800 m snm. A partir de ahí el flujo de agua subterránea cubre una diferencia de altura de ∼3,000 m con una profundidad de circulación máxima de ∼800–950 m, donde las aguas obtienen su impresión geotérmica. La temperatura máxima esperada en el reservorio, confirmada por los geotermómetros, es ∼55 °C. Corregido los tiempos medios de residencia del agua de manantial y del gráfico de agua subterránea a 1,200–4,300 años BP y el rendimiento promedio de velocidades intersticiales de 6.5–22 m/año. Al mismo tiempo, la señal de la carga hidráulica, inducida por los eventos de recarga en la Precordillera, se transmite dentro de 20 24 meses a una distancia de ∼32 km hacia las estribaciones andinas de Pica y Puquio Núñez.

摘要

Pica温泉位于(智利)Pampa del Tamarugal地区海拔1400米的地方,代表着极为干旱的Atacama沙漠东部边缘的低盐泉系统,这一地区地下水资源非常匮乏。本研究调查了泉补给水储的水文地质和地热特征,这些特征是由从Andean Precordillera 到Pampa del Tamarugal的过渡带内 20公里长、东西向延伸反射地震线造成的。额外的水化学、同位素及水文时序资料支持综合的分析。能够使Pica这里与泉相关的垂直断裂系统发育的主要因素之一就是由侵入地层造成的中生代基底的破裂带。这使特定构造应力条件下的较年轻渐新世单元失去平衡。因此,各地下水水储由渗透性低到中的断裂渐新世单元构成。地下水补给发生在Precordillera海拔大约3,800米的地方。从那里地下水流的高差有3,000米,最大循环深度800–950米,在此深度内,水获取地热。最大的预期温度,如由地热表确定的那样,为55°C。校正的泉水和地下水平均滞留时间为距今1,200–4,300年,平均填隙速度6.5–22米/年。同时,水头信号,如Precordillera补给事件引起的水头信号在20–24个月内可向Pica 和 Puquio Nunez地区安第斯山麓方向传播32公里。

Resumo

As nascentes termais de Pica, a ∼1,400 m acima do nível do mar (anm) em Pampa del Tamarugal (Chile), representa um sistema de nascentes de baixa salinidade na margem oriental do hiperárido Deserto do Atacama, onde os recursos hídricos subterrâneos são escassos. Este estudo investiga as características hidrogeológicas e geotermais de três reservatórios de alimentação, fomentados pela interpretação de uma linha de reflexão sísmica em uma seção leste-oeste de 20-km na zona de transição da Precordillera Andina até o Pampa del Tamarugal. Dados de séries temporais de hidroquímica, isótopos e hidrologia adicionais sustentaram a análise integrada. Um dos principais fatores que permite o desenvolvimento do sistema vertical de fraturas relacionados às nascentes em Pica é a zona de ruptura no Embasamento Mesozoico causada por formações intrusivas. Isso desestabilizou as unidades mais jovens do Oligoceno sob as condições vigentes de estresse tectônico. Assim, o respectivo reservatório de águas subterrâneas é constituído de unidades fraturadas de baixa a moderada permeabilidade do Oligoceno. A recarga das águas subterrâneas acontece na Precordillera a ∼3,800 m anm. A partir de lá o escoamento das águas subterrâneas cobre uma diferença de carga de ∼3,000 m com uma profundidade de circulação máxima de ∼800–950 m, onde as águas obtêm sua marca geotérmica. A temperatura máxima esperada para o reservatório, como confirmado por geotermômetros, é ∼55 °C. Tempos de residência médios corrigidos das águas das nascentes e das águas subterrâneas foram grafados em 1,200–4,300 anos AP e as velocidades de produção intersticiais médias de 6.5–22 m/ano. Ao mesmo tempo, o sinal da carga hidráulica, como induzidos por eventos de recarga na Precordillera, é transmitido dentro de 20–24 meses a uma distância de ∼32 km em direção ao sopé Andino em Pica e Puquio Nunez.

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Acknowledgements

This study is the result of cooperation between the Department of Hydrogeology of the Technical University of Berlin (Germany) and CIDERH, Iquique (Chile). The authors thank CIDERH for funding the field work and Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi for the hydrochemical data. The authors express their gratitude also to ENAP, Empresa Nacional de Petróleo, Chile, for supplying seismic data. Apart from that, the study would not have been possible without funds from a PhD-scholarship to the corresponding author by CONICYT (Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Chile).

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Scheihing, K.W., Moya, C.E. & Tröger, U. Insights into Andean slope hydrology: reservoir characteristics of the thermal Pica spring system, Pampa del Tamarugal, northern Chile. Hydrogeol J 25, 1833–1852 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1533-0

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