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Effect of irrigation pumpage during drought on karst aquifer systems in highly agricultural watersheds: example of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint river basin, southeastern USA

Effet de pompages pour l’irrigation en période de sécheresse sur les systèmes karstiques dans des bassins versants fortement agricoles: exemple du bassin versant Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint, Sud Est des Etats-Unis d’Amérique

Efecto del riego por bombeo durante la sequía en los sistemas acuíferos kársticos de cuencas de altamente agrícolas: ejemplo de la cuenca del río Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint, sureste de EE.UU.

干旱期间灌溉抽水对农业高度发达流域中岩溶含水层系统的影响:美国东南部阿巴拉契科拉- 查特胡奇-弗林特流域的例子

Efeito do bombeamento para irrigação durante estiagem em sistema aquífero cárstico em bacia hidrográfica altamente agrícola: exemplo da bacia do rio Apalachicola-Chattaooche-Flint, sudeste dos EUA

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Abstract

In the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) river basin in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida (USA), population growth in the city of Atlanta and increased groundwater withdrawal for irrigation in southwest Georgia are greatly affecting the supply of freshwater to downstream regions. This study was conducted to understand and quantify the effect of irrigation pumpage on the karst Upper Floridan Aquifer and river–aquifer interactions in the lower ACF river basin in southwest Georgia. The groundwater MODular Finite-Element model (MODFE) was used for this study. The effect of two drought years, a moderate and a severe drought year, were simulated. Comparison of the results of the irrigated and non-irrigated scenarios showed that groundwater discharge to streams is a major outflow from the aquifer, and irrigation can cause as much as 10 % change in river–aquifer flux. The results also show that during months with high irrigation (e.g., June 2011), storage loss (34 %), the recharge and discharge from the upper semi-confining unit (30 %), and the river–aquifer flux (31 %) are the major water components contributing towards the impact of irrigation pumpage in the study area. A similar scenario plays out in many river basins throughout the world, especially in basins in which underlying karst aquifers are directly connected to a nearby stream. The study suggests that improved groundwater withdrawal strategies using climate forecasts needs to be developed in such a way that excessive withdrawals during droughts can be reduced to protect streams and river flows.

Résumé

Dans le bassin versant de l’Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) en Alabama, Georgia, et Floride (Etats-Unis d’Amérique), la croissance démographique dans la ville d’Atlanta et l’augmentation des prélèvements d’eau souterraine pour l’irrigation dans le Sud-Ouest de Georgia ont fortement affectés l’alimentation en eau potable dans les régions en amont. L’étude a été menée afin de comprendre et de quantifier l’effet des pompages pour l’irrigation sur l’aquifère karstique du Floridien supérieur et sur les interactions entre rivière et aquifère dans la partie inférieure du bassin versant ACF dans le Sud-Ouest de Georgia. Le modèle hydrogéologique à éléments finis MODular (MODFE) a été utilisé dans le cadre de cette étude. L’effet de deux années sèches, une année de sécheresse modérée et une année de sécheresse sévère, a été simulé. La comparaison des résultats pour des scénarios avec et sans irrigation ont montré que la décharge des eaux souterraines dans les cours d’eau est un flux principal de sortie de l’aquifère, et que l’irrigation peut causer jusqu’à 10 % de modification dans les flux d’échange entre la rivière et l’aquifère. Les résultats montrent également qu’au cours des mois avec une forte irrigation (ex. Juin 2011), les pertes d’emmagasinement (34 %), la recharge et la décharge de l’unité supérieure semi captive (30 %), et les flux d’échange entre la rivière et l’aquifère (31 %) sont les principales composantes qui contribuent à l’impact des pompages d’irrigation dans la zone d’étude. Un tel scénario prend place dans de nombreux bassins versants de par le monde, en particulier dans les bassins au sein desquels les aquifères karstiques sous-jacents sont directement connectés aux cours d’eau avoisinants. L’étude suggère que des stratégies de prélèvements d’eaux souterraines améliorés en utilisant des prévisions climatiques doivent être développées de telle manière à ce que les prélèvements excessifs pendant les sécheresses puissent être réduits afin de protéger les cours d’eau et les écoulements en rivière.

Resumen

En la cuenca del río Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) en Alabama, Georgia y Florida (EE.UU.), el crecimiento de la población en la ciudad de Atlanta y el aumento de extracción de agua subterránea para riego en el suroeste de Georgia están afectando en gran medida el suministro de agua dulce a las regiones aguas abajo. Este estudio se realizó para comprender y cuantificar el efecto del bombeo para riego en el acuífero kárstico superior de Florida y las interacciones río-acuífero de la cuenca baja del río ACF en el suroeste de Georgia. Se utilizó el modelo de agua subterránea modular de elementos finitos (MODFE) para este estudio. Se simularon el efecto de dos años de sequía, uno moderado y otro de sequía severa. La comparación de los resultados de los escenarios de regadío y de secano mostró que la descarga de agua subterránea a los arroyos es una salida importante del acuífero, y el riego puede causar hasta un 10 % de cambio en el flujo del río–acuífero. Los resultados también muestran que durante meses con alto riego (por ejemplo, de junio de 2011), la pérdida de almacenamiento (34 %), la recarga y descarga de la unidad semi-confinada superior (30 %), y el flujo río–acuífero (31 %) son las principales componentes de la contribución del agua al impacto del bombeo para riego en la zona de estudio. Un escenario similar se desarrolla en muchas cuencas de los ríos en todo el mundo, especialmente en las cuencas en las que subyacen los acuíferos kársticos y están conectados directamente a un arroyo cercano. El estudio sugiere que la mejora de las estrategias de extracción de agua subterránea utilizando los pronósticos del clima deben ser desarrollados de tal manera que el exceso de extracciones durante las sequías pueden reducirse para proteger los flujos y caudales de los ríos.

摘要

在(美国)阿拉巴马州、乔治亚州和佛罗里达州阿巴拉契科拉- 查特胡奇-弗林特流域,亚特兰大市人口增长和乔治亚州西南部日益增长的灌溉用地下水抽取严重影响了下游地区的淡水供应。进行这项研究就是为了了解和量化灌溉抽水对乔治亚州西南部阿巴拉契科拉- 查特胡奇-弗林特流域下游上佛罗里达系岩溶含水层和河流-含水层相互作用的影响。本研究采用了地下水模数有限元模型。模拟了两个干旱年份、分别为中等干旱和严重干旱年份的影响。灌溉和非灌溉方案结果的对比显示,地下水排泄到河流是含水层主要的流出方式,灌溉可导致差不多10%的河流–含水层通量变化。结果还显示,在灌溉高峰的月份里(例如6月),储存损耗量(34 %)、半承压单元上部的补给和排泄(30 %)及河流–含水层通量(31 %)是造成研究区内灌溉抽水影响的主要成分。类似的方案在全世界许多流域实施,特别是在下伏的岩溶含水层与附近的河流直接连通的流域更是如此。研究表明,采用气候预测所改进的地下水抽水对策需要以以下的方式开发,这就是减少干旱期间的过度开采,以保护河流的水流。

Resumo

Na bacia do rio Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) no Alabama, Geórgia e Flórida (EUA), o crescimento da população na cidade de Atlanta e o aumento da retirada de água subterrânea para irrigação no sudeste da Geórgia estão afetando muito o suprimento de água para regiões a jusante. Este estudo foi conduzido para entender e quantificar o efeito do bombeamento para irrigação no Aquífero Cárstico Floridan Superior e a interação rio–aquífero na bacia inferior do rio ACF no sudeste da Geórgia. Foi utilizado neste estudo de águas subterrânea o modelo de elementos finitos modular (MODFE). O efeito de dois anos de estiagem, um moderado e um ano de seca severa, foram simulados. A comparação de resultados de cenários irrigados e não irrigados mostraram que a descarga da água subterrânea para a drenagem é a principal saída do aquífero e a irrigação pode causar mais que 10 % de alteração no fluxo rio-aquífero. Os resultados mostraram que durante meses com irrigação elevada (Junho de 2011), a redução de armazenamento (34 %), a recarga e a descarga da unidade superior semiconfinada (30 %), e o fluxo rio–aquífero (31 %) são os principais componentes contribuindo para o impacto do bombeamento da irrigação na área de estudo. Um cenário semelhante se desenrola em muitas bacias hidrográficas em todo o mundo, especificamente nas bacias em que aquíferos cársticos subjacentes estão diretamente conectados ao rio próximo. O estudo sugere que a melhoria das estratégias de retirada de água subterrânea usando previsão climática necessita ser desenvolvida de tal forma que as retiradas excessivas durante a estiagem possam ser reduzida para proteger o fluxo em rios e córregos.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Mr. Lynn Torak whose comments helped to greatly improve this manuscript. The authors wish to acknowledge funding provided by the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Sectoral Applications Research Program (SARP), and the NOAA Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) Program for this research.

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Mitra, S., Srivastava, P. & Singh, S. Effect of irrigation pumpage during drought on karst aquifer systems in highly agricultural watersheds: example of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint river basin, southeastern USA. Hydrogeol J 24, 1565–1582 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1414-y

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