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Stable and radio-isotope analysis to determine recharge timing and paleoclimate of sandstone aquifers in central and southeast Libya

Analyse des isotopes stables et radioactifs pour déterminer la période de la recharge et le paléoclimat des aquifères de grès dans le centre et sud-est de la Libye

Análisis de radio-isótopos estables para determinar el tiempo de recarga y el paleoclima de acuíferos de areniscas en el centro y sudeste de Libia

根据稳定同位素和放射性同位素分析确定利比亚中部和东南部砂岩含水层补给的时间选择和古气候

Análises de isótopos estáveis e radioativos para determinação do tempo de recarga e da paleoclimatologia de aquíferos areníticos no centro e sudeste da Líbia

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Abstract

Stable isotopes of water and 14C activities (percent modern carbon, pmc) were used to estimate the timing of recharge and paleoclimatic conditions during recharge for three sandstone aquifers in Libya. These aquifers are part of the Nubian Aquifer System, with current and planned groundwater development designed to produce 106 m3/day of water. 14C activities from water samples collected at three wellfields (Sarir, Tazerbo and Al Kufra) indicate recharge during late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Stable isotope compositions from all three locations are significantly depleted relative to modern water, indicating that the climate was more humid than today. These results are in line with previous regional groundwater studies. This was the first study of its kind for the aquifers at Tazerbo and Sarir wellfield. The Tazerbo wellfield, which produces from the deepest aquifer, had the oldest estimated recharge ages (late Pleistocene). For Sarir, 14C activities ranged from 6.30 to 41.42 pmc; the Sarir aquifer is leaky confined and this range is likely due to mixing of shallow younger water with older deeper water. At Al Kufra, the 14C activity (5.27 pmc) of a well which is part of an agriculture project, is greater than the activity of wells sampled in 1973 (0.5–2.0 pmc). The greater activity is likely due to the lowering of the regional potentiometric surface causing younger water to be captured after four decades of wellfield operation. It is recommended that periodic monitoring be done in large wellfields to identify changes in isotope compositions as production continues.

Resume

Les isotopes stables de l’eau et l’activité du 14C (pourcentage du carbone moderne, pmc) ont été utilisés pour estimer la période de la recharge et les conditions paléoclimatiques pendant la recharge concernant trois aquifères gréseux en Libye. Ces aquifères appartiennent au système aquifère nubien avec une exploitation actuelle et à venir des eaux souterraines conçue pour produire 106 m3/jour d’eau. L’activité du 14C des échantillons d’eau collectés au niveau de trois champs captants (Sarir, Tazerbo et Al. Kufra) indiquent que la recharge a pris place au cours de la fin du Pléistocène et au début de l’Holocène. Les compositions en isotope stable des trois sites sont significativement appauvries par rapport aux eaux modernes, indiquant que le climat était plus humide qu’aujourd’hui. Ces résultats sont cohérents avec des études hydrogéologiques régionales antérieures. C’était la première étude de ce type pour les aquifères sur les champs captants de Tazerbo et de Sarir. Le champ captant de Tazerbo, qui produit à partir de l’aquifère le plus profond, est caractérisé par des âges estimés les plus anciens pour la recharge (fin Pléistocène). Pour Sarir, l’activité du 14C est comprise entre 6.3 et 41.42 pmc; l’aquifère de Sarir est captif avec des pertes et cette gamme de pmc est probablement due à un mélange d’eau plus jeune de faible profondeur avec une eau plus ancienne plus profonde. Au niveau du site d’Al Kufra, l’activité du 14C (5.27 pmc) d’un forage qui fait partie d’un projet agricole est plus grande que l’activité des forages échantillonnés en 1973 (0.5–2.0 pmc). L’activité plus grande est probablement due à un abaissement de la charge hydraulique au niveau régionale causant un captage d’une eau plus jeune après 4 décennies d’exploitation au niveau du champ captant. Il est recommandé de mener un suivi périodique au niveau des grands champs captants afin d’identifier des modifications dans les compositions isotopiques vu que l’exploitation se poursuit.

Resumen

Se utilizan las actividades de isótopos estable y de 14C (porcentaje de carbono moderno, pmc) fueron usados para estimar el tiempo de recarga y las condiciones paleoclimáticas durante la recarga para tres acuíferos de areniscas en Libia. Estos acuíferos son parte del Sistema acuífero de Nubia, con el desarrollo de agua subterránea actual y planificado diseñado para producir 106 m3/día de agua. Las actividades de 14C a partir de las muestras de agua recolectadas en los tres campos de pozos (Sarir, Tazerbo y Al Kufra) indican recarga durante el Pleistoceno tardío y el Holoceno temprano. Las composiciones de los isótopos estables de todas estas tres localizaciones están significativamente empobrecidas en relación con el agua moderna, lo cual indica que el clima fue más húmedo que en la actualidad. Estos resultados están en línea con los estudios regionales previos de agua subterránea. Este fue el primer estudio de esta clase para los acuíferos en los campos de pozos de Tazerbo y Sarir. El campo de pozos de Tazerbo, que produce a partir del acuífero más profundo, tuvo las edades estimadas más antiguas (Pleistoceno tardío). Para Sarir, las actividades de 14C van desde 6.30 a 41.42 pmc; en Sarir es un acuífero confinado filtrante y este rango es altamente probable que se deba a la mezcla de agua somera más joven con agua más vieja profunda. En Al Kufra, la actividad de 14C (5.27 pmc) de un pozo que es parte de un proyecto agrícola es mayor que la actividad de pozos muestreados en 1973 (0.5–2.0 pmc). La mayor actividad es altamente probable que se deba a la reducción de la superficie potenciométrica regional que provoca que agua más joven haya sido capturada después de cuatro décadas de operación del campo de pozos. Se recomienda realizar un monitoreo periódico en grandes campos de bombeo para identificar los cambios en la composición de isótopos a medida que la producción continúa.

摘要

利用水中稳定同位素及14C活性(现代碳百分比,pmc)估算利比亚三个砂岩含水层补给期间的补给时间选择及古气候条件。这些含水层是Nubian含水层系统的一部分,目前及规划的地下水开发量设定为106 m3/天。三个井场((Sarir、 Tazerbo 及 Al Kufra井场)采集的水样中的14C活性表明晚更新世和早全新世期间发生过补给。所有三个地方的稳定同位素组分相对于现代水来说消耗很大,表明当时的气候比现在更加湿润。这些结果与先前的区域地下水研究结果一致。对于Tazerbo和Sarir井场的含水层来说是第一次开展此类研究。Tazerbo井场从深层含水层中开采,估算的补给年代最老(晚更新世),而Sarir井场的地下水中,14C活性范围为6.30—41.42;Sarir含水层为渗漏性承压含水层,这个范围很可能是由于浅层较年轻的地下水与较老的深层地下水混合造成的。Al Kufra井场一口井中,14C活性((5.27 pmc)比973年井中水样的活性(0.5–2.0 pmc)大,这个井是农业项目的一部分。较大的活性可能是由于区域压力水面降低造成的,井场经过40年的运行,压力水面降低使较年轻的水被捕获。因此,建议大的井场在运行中要进行定期监测,以确定同位素组分的变化。

Resumo

Isótopos estáveis da água e atividades de 14C (percentagem de carbono moderno, pcm) foram usados para estimar o tempo de recarga e as condições paleoclimáticas durante a recarga para três aquíferos em arenitos na Líbia. Estes aquíferos são parte do Sistema Aquífero Núbio, com desenvolvimento atual e previsto de produção de 106 m3/dia de água. As atividades de 14C das amostras de água recolhidas em três campos de captação (Sarir, Tazerbo e Al Kufra) indicam recarga durante o Plistocénico tardio e o início do Holocénico. As composições de isótopos estáveis de todas as três localizações são significativamente reduzidas em relação à água moderna, indicando que o clima era mais húmido do que hoje. Estes resultados encontram-se em linha com estudos regionais prévios de águas subterrâneas. Este foi o primeiro estudo deste tipo para aquíferos nos campos de captações de Tazerbo e Sarir. O campo de captações de Tazerbo, que produz a partir do aquífero mais profundo, tem as idades estimadas de recarga mais antigas (Plistocénico tardio). Para Sarir, as atividades de 14C variaram de 6.30 a 41.42 pcm; o aquífero Sarir é semi-confinado, e esta gama é largamente devida à mistura de água subterrânea jovem de pouca profundidade com água antiga mais profunda. Em Al Kufra, a atividade de 14C (5.27 pcm) num poço que é parte de um projeto agrícola é maior que a atividade em poços amostrados em 1973 (0.5–2.0 pcm). A maior atividade é provavelmente devida ao rebaixamento da superfície potenciométrica regional, o que provoca a captação de água jovem após quatro décadas de operações nos campos de captação. É recomendada a monitorização periódica em grandes campos de captação, a fim de identificar as alterações nas composições isotópicas à medida que a produção continua.

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Acknowledgements

This research was in part funded by the Great Man-Made River Authority, Libya, with the support of Mr. Fawzi Saied. The authors thank W. Mike Edmunds for his thoughtful, constructive and in-depth review. Alan M. MacDonald and an anonymous reviewer are also thanked for their helpful comments.

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Correspondence to William E. Sanford.

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Al Faitouri, M., Sanford, W.E. Stable and radio-isotope analysis to determine recharge timing and paleoclimate of sandstone aquifers in central and southeast Libya. Hydrogeol J 23, 707–717 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1232-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1232-7

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