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Assessing sustainability of groundwater resources on Jeju Island, South Korea, under climate change, drought, and increased usage

Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit von Grundwasservorkommen auf Jeju Island, Südkorea, unter Klimawandel, Dürre und erhöhtem Verbrauch

Evaluer la durabilité des ressources en eau souterraine de l’île de Jeju, Corée du Sud, du fait du changement climatique, de la sècheresse et de l’augmentation des usages

Evaluación de la sustentabilidad de los recursos de agua subterránea en la Isla Jeju, Corea del Sur, bajo South Korea, bajo el cambio climático, las sequías, y el incremento del uso

تقييم استدامة مصادر المياه في جزيرة جي جو بكوريا الجنوبية في ظل تغير المناخ والجفاف وتزايد الطلب

评价气候变化、干旱和使用量增加的情况下韩国Jeju岛地下水资源的可持续性

기후변화와 가뭄, 사용량 증가에 따른 제주도 지하수의 지속가능성 평가

بررسی پایداری منابع آب زیرزمینی جزیره جیجو، کره جنوبی، تحت تغییر اقلیم، خشکسالی و بهرهبرداری بیرویه

Avaliação da sustentabilidade dos recursos de água subterrânea da Ilha de Jeju, Coreia do Sul, face às alterações climáticas, à seca e ao incremento na utilização

İklim değişikliği, kuraklık ve su kullanımındaki artış karşısında Güney Kore’nin Jeju Adasındaki yeraltısuyu kaynaklarının sürdürülebilirliğinin değerlendirilmesi

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Abstract

Numerical groundwater models were used to assess groundwater sustainability on Jeju Island, South Korea, for various climate and groundwater withdrawal scenarios. Sustainability criteria included groundwater-level elevation, spring flows, and salinity. The latter was studied for the eastern sector of the island where saltwater intrusion is significant. Model results suggest that there is a need to revise the current estimate of sustainable yield of 1.77 × 106 m3/day. At the maximum extraction of 84  % of the sustainable yield, a 10-year drought scenario would decrease spring flows by 28 %, dry up 27 % of springs, and decrease hydraulic head by an island-wide average of 7 m. Head values are particularly sensitive to changes in recharge in the western parts of the island, due to the relatively low hydraulic conductivity of fractured volcanic aquifers and increased groundwater extraction for irrigation. Increases in salinity are highest under drought conditions around the current 2-m head contour line, with an estimated increase of up to 9 g/L under 100 % sustainable-yield use. The study lists recommendations towards improving the island’s management of potable groundwater resources. However, results should be treated with caution given the available data limitations and the simplifying assumptions of the numerical modeling approaches.

Zusammenfassung

Numerische Grundwassermodelle wurden verwendet, um Grundwassernachhaltigkeit für verschiedene Klima- und Grundwasserentnahmeszenarien auf der Insel Jeju, Südkorea, zu beurteilen. Nachhaltigkeitskriterien umfassen Grundwasser-Pegel-Messung, Quellfluss und Salzgehalt. Letzterer wurde für den Ostteil der Insel untersucht, wo das Eindringen von Salzwasser bedeutend ist. Modellergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass es notwendig ist, die aktuelle Schätzung des nachhaltigen Ertrags von 1.77 × 106 m3/day zu überarbeiten. Bei der maximalen Entnahme von 84 % des nachhaltigen Ertrags würde sich beim zehnjährigen Dürreszenario der Quellfluss um 28 % verringern, 27 % der Quellen vertrocknen und die hydraulische Höhe der Insel im Durchschnitt um 7 m verringert werden. Hydraulische Höhewerte sind besonders anfällig auf Veränderungen der Grundwasserneubildung im westlichen Teil der Insel, aufgrund der relativ geringen hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit des gebrochenen vulkanischen Grundwasserleiters und der erhöhten Grundwasserentnahme zur Bewässerung. Erhöhter Salzgehalt ist am höchsten unter Dürre um die gegenwärtige 2-m hydraulische Höhe-Konturlinie, mit einem geschätzten Anstieg von bis zu 9 g/l bei 100 % Gebrauch des nachhaltigen Ertrags. Die Studie nennt Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der Verwaltung des Trinkwasservorkommens der Insel. Allerdings sollten die Ergebnisse mit Vorsicht behandelt werden, angesichts der eingeschränkten verfügbaren Daten und der vereinfachenden Annahmen der numerischen Modellierungsansätze.

Resumé

Des modèles numériques ont été utilisés pour évaluer la durabilité des eaux souterraines sur l’île de Jeju, Corée du Sud, pour différents scénarios climatiques et de prélèvements des eaux souterraines. Les critères de durabilité comprennent l’altitude du niveau piézométrique, les débits des sources et la salinité. Cette dernière a été étudiée dans le secteur est de l’île où l’intrusion saline est forte. Les résultats des modèles suggèrent qu’il est nécessaire de réviser l’estimation actuelle du débit durable de 1.77 × 106 m3/j. Au maximum de prélèvement de 84 % du débit durable, un scénario de sécheresse de période de retour 10 ans réduirait le débit des sources de 28 %, assècherait 27 % des sources et diminuerait les niveaux piézométriques de 7 m en moyenne à l’échelle de l’île. Les niveaux piézométriques sont particulièrement sensibles aux variations de la recharge dans les parties ouest de l’île, en raison de la perméabilité relativement faible des aquifères volcaniques fracturés et de l’augmentation des prélèvements d’eau souterraine pour l’irrigation. Sous conditions de sécheresse, les augmentations de la salinité sont maximales aux alentours de la ligne isopièze 2 m, avec une hausse estimée atteignant 9 g/L pour l’usage de 100 % du débit durable. L’étude dresse la liste des recommandations destinées à améliorer la gestion des ressources en eau potable souterraines. Cependant, les résultats doivent être considérés avec prudence compte tenu des limites des données disponibles et des hypothèses simplificatrices des approches de modélisation numérique.

Resumen

Se usaron modelos numéricos de agua subterránea para evaluar la sustentabilidad del agua subterránea en la isla Jeju, Corea del Sur, para varios escenarios de clima y de extracción de agua subterránea. Los criterios de sustentabilidad incluyeron la elevación del nivel de agua subterránea, los flujos de manantiales, y la salinidad. Esta última se estudió para el sector este de la isla donde es significativa una intrusión de agua salada. Los resultados sugieren que hay una necesidad de revisar las estimaciones actuales de rendimiento sustentable de 1.77 × 106 m3/d. Con una extracción máxima del 84 % del rendimiento sustentable, un escenario de sequía de diez años reduciría los flujos hacia los manantiales en un 28 %, secándose hasta un 27 % de los manantiales, y una disminución de la carga hidráulica en toda la isla en un promedio de 7 m. Los valores de carga hidráulica son particularmente sensibles a los cambios en la recarga en las partes oeste de la isla, debido a la relativamente baja conductividad hidráulica de los acuíferos volcánicos fracturados y a un incremento de la extracción de agua para irrigación. Los incrementos en la salinidad son más altos bajo condiciones de sequía alrededor de la línea de carga hidráulica actual de 2 m, con un incremento estimado de hasta 9 g/L bajo un rendimiento sustentable de 100 %. El estudio lista las recomendaciones para una mejora del manejo de los recursos de agua subterránea potable de la isla. Sin embargo, los resultados deben ser tratados con precaución dadas las limitaciones en la disponibilidad de datos y los supuestos simplificados de las aproximaciones del modelado numérico.

الملخص

استخدمت النماذج العددية لمحاكاة حركة الجريان الجوفي لتقييم استدامة المياه الجوفية في جزيرة جي جو بكوريا الجنوبية في ظل سيناريوهات مختلفة للمناخ ومعدلات سحب المياه الجوفية . شملت معايير الاستدامة على منسوب مستوى المياه الجوفية، وجريان الينابيع ودرجة الملوحة . وتم دراسة درجه الملوحة في القطاع الشرقي من الجزيرة حيث يتعاظم تداخل مياه البحر المالحة . أوضحت نتائج النمذجه الحاجة إلى تعديل القيمة الحالية لمعامل الانتاج المستمر (1.77 × (106 × 1.77 m3/day). عند اقصى سحب بقيمة %84 من معامل الانتاج المستمر، سيناريو عشر سنوات جفاف سيقلل جريان الينابيع بنسبة %28 ويجفف 27 % من الينابيع ويقلل الضاغط المائي بقيمة متوسطة 7 أمتار بالجزيرة . بالإضافة الى ان قيم الضاغط المائي حساسة، على وجه الخصوص، للتغيرات في شحن الخزان الجوفي في الأجزاء الغربية من الجزيرة وذلك نتيجة للانخفاض النسبي لقيم معامل التوصيل الهيدروليكي للخزانات الجوفية الفولكانيه ذات التشققات وأيضا زياده سحب المياه الجوفية لغرض الري . وأوضحت النتائج أيضا أن زيادة الملوحة للمياه تصل لأعلى قيمة في ظل ظروف الجفاف عند خط الكنتور الحالي ذو القيمة 2 متر للضاغط المائي مصحوبا بزياده متوقعه إلى 9 g/Lعند استخدام معامل الانتاج المستمر بقيمة 100 % . ويجب الإشارة إلي توخى الحذر عند تطبيق ما انتهت اليه الدراسة من توصيات لتحسين إدارة الجزيرة لمصادر المياه الجوفية المستخدمة للشرب وذلك لمحدودية البيانات المتوفرة إلي جانب الافتراضات المبسطة التي اسس عليها النموذج العددي المستخدم في الدراسة .

摘要

数值地下水模型用于评价韩国Jeju岛各种气候和地下水抽取情况下的地下水的可持续性。可持续性标准包括地下水位海拔、泉流和盐度。对岛的东部进行了盐度的研究,因为那里的海水入侵很严重。模型结果显示需要修订目前可持续出水量为1.77 × 106 m3/day的估算值。在最大抽取量为可持续出水量的84%时,10年干旱方案泉流将降低28%,27%的泉将干涸,全岛范围内的水头将降低7米。水头值对岛西部补给变化特别敏感,因为断裂火山岩含水层导水系数相对较低及农业用地下水抽水量增加。在干旱条件下盐度在目前2 米水头等高线附近增加最高,在100%可持续出水量利用情况下,估计增加到每升9克。本研究列出了改进岛上饮用水管理的建议。然而,研究结果应该谨慎对待,因为现有的资料有限,数值模拟方法假定简化。

초록

대한민국 제주도에서 지하수 유동 모델링 기법을 이용하여, 다양한 기후변화 및 지하수 이용 시나리오에 따른 지하수 지속가능성을 평가하였다. 지속가능성을 평가하는 기준으로는 지하수위, 용천수량, 염도 등을 포함시켰다. 염도 기준은 지하수 내 염수침입이 빈번한 제주도 동부지역에 적용되었다. 모델링 결과, 현재의 지속가능 개발량인 1.77 × 106 m3/day가 수정될 필요가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 지속가능 개발량의 최대 84%의 지하수를 사용하고 10년 빈도 가뭄 시나리오를 적용했을 경우, 용천수량은 28%정도 줄어 들어, 전체의 27%가 말라버리고, 지하수위는 평균 7m정도 감소하는 것으로 평가되었다. 지하수위는 제주도 서부지역에서 지하수 함양량에 특히 민감하였는데, 이는 이 지역의 대수층이 상대적으로 수리전도도가 낮고 지하수가 농업용 관개용수로 많이 사용되기 때문이다. 염도는 가뭄시 지속가능 개발량의 100%의 지하수를 사용하였을 때 가장 높았으며, 현재 지하수위 2 m 지점에서는 9 g/L까지 증가하였다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 모델링 결과를 토대로 섬지역에서 가용한 지하수 자원을 효과적으로 관리하기 위한 대안들을 제시하였으나, 모델링 결과는 입력자료가 불충분하고 모델링에 필요한 간략화된 가정들 때문에 한계를 가지고 있어, 주의깊게 다루어 져야 한다.

مقدمه

جهت بررسی پایداری آبهای زیرزمینی جزیره جیجو، کره جنوبی، با توجه به سناریوهای برداشت آب زیرزمینی و اقلیم گوناگون، مدلهای عددی آب زیرزمینی به کار گرفته شدهاند. معیارهای پایداری، تراز سطح آب زیرزمینی، دبی چشمهها و شوری در نظر گرفته شده است. معیار شوری برای بخش شرقی جزیره که نفوذ آبهای شور قابل توجه است مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. نتایج مدل بیانگر نیاز به اصلاح برآورد حاضر از جریان آورد پایدار به میزان m3/day 107 × 77.1 میباشد. با تخلیه بیشینه 84 % از جریان آورد پایدار، و در نظر گرفتن یک سناریوی خشکسالی ده ساله، 28 % از دبی جریان چشمهها کاهش خواهد یافت، 27 % چشمهها خشک شده، و هد هیدرولیکی به طور میانگین 7 متر در سطح جزیره کاهش مییابد. مقادیر هد به علت هدایت هیدرولیکی نسبتاً پایین آبخوانهای آتشفشانی گسسته و افزایش استخراج آب زیرزمینی برای کشاورزی، خصوصاً به تغییرات سطح تغذیه در بخشهای غربی جزیره، حساس میباشد. میزان سطح شوری تحت شرایط خشکسالی، پیرامون خط تراز هد 2 متر، با یک سطح افزایش تخمینی تا حدود g/L9 با 100 % استعمال از آورد پایدار، به بالاترین میزان خود میرسد. این تحقیق پیشنهادهایی را جهت بهبود مدیریت منابع آب زیرزمینی آشامیدنی جزیره ارائه میکند. هر چند که این نتایج باید با توجه به محدودیت دادههای موجود و فرضیات سادهسازی روشهای مدلسازی عددی، با احتیاط لازم مورد بحث قرار گیرند.

Resumo

Foram utilizados modelos hidrogeológicos numéricos para avaliar a sustentabilidade das águas subterrâneas na Ilha de Jeju, Coreia do Sul, para vários cenários climáticos e de extração de água subterrânea. Os critérios de sustentabilidade incluíram os níveis de água subterrânea, a produção de nascentes e a salinidade. Esta última foi estudada para o sector oriental da ilha onde é significante a intrusão salina. Os resultados do modelo sugerem que há necessidade de rever a atual estimativa de caudal sustentável de 1.77 × 106 m3/d. À taxa de extração máxima de 84% do caudal sustentável, um cenário de seca de 10 anos de duração provocaria uma redução de 28% no caudal das nascentes, secaria 27% das nascentes e reduziria o nível da água subterrânea médio à escala da ilha em 7m. Os níveis de água subterrânea são particularmente sensíveis a alterações na recarga na parte ocidental da Ilha devido à relativamente baixa condutividade hidráulica dos aquíferos de rocha vulcânica fraturada e ao aumento da extração de água subterrânea para irrigação. O aumento da salinidade é máximo em condições de seca em torno da atual linha de nível de 2m, com um incremento estimado de até 9 g/L em condições de 100% de uso do caudal sustentável. O estudo enumera recomendações destinadas à melhoria da gestão dos recursos de água potável da ilha. No entanto, os resultados deverão ser tratados com cautela atendendo às limitações dos dados disponíveis e às condições simplificadas adotadas nas abordagens por modelação numérica.

Öz

Sayısal yeraltısuyu modelleri kullanılarak Güney Kore’nin Jeju adasında değişik iklim ve yeraltısuyu çekim senaryoları için yeraltısularının sürdürülebilirliği değerlendirilmiştir. Sürdürülebilirlik kriterleri yeraltısuyu seviyesi, pınar debileri ve tuzluluk oranlarını içermektedir. Tuzluluk kriteri, tuzlusu girişiminin etkin olduğu adanın doğu kısımları için çalışılmıştır. Model sonuçları, 1.77 × 106 m3/gün olan güncel tahmini sürdürülebilir yeraltısuyu veriminin gözden geçirilerek yeniden hesaplanması gerektiğini önermektedir. Maksimum yeraltısuyu çekimi sürdürülebilir verimin %84’ü olduğu takdirde, on-yıllık kuraklık senaryosunda pınar debileri %28 azalmakta, pınarların %27 si kurumakta ve adanın tamamında hidrolik su seviyeleri ortalama 7 m azalmaktadır. Çatlaklı volkanik akiferlerdeki nispeten düşük hidrolik iletkenlik ve sulama sebebiyle artarak devam eden yeraltısuyu çekiminden dolayı, su seviyesi değerleri, adanın batı kısımlarında yeraltısuyu beslenimindeki değişiklere karşı özellikle hassastır. Sürdürülebilir yeraltısuyu veriminin %100’ünün kullanıldığı kuraklık senaryosunda, mevcut 2-m’lik su seviyesi eşyükselti eğrisi etrafındaki yerlerde tuzluluktaki artış en yüksek değeri olarak tahmin edilen 9 g/L’ye ulaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, adanın kullanılabilir yeraltısuyu kaynakları yönetiminin geliştirilmesine yönelik öneriler sıralanmıştır. Ancak, mevcut dataların sınırlı olması ve sayısal modelleme yaklaşımında kullanılan basitleştirici varsayımlardan dolayı, model sonuçları ihtiyatla kullanılmalıdır.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by a grant from the Korea Institute for Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). This is contributed paper CP-2014-02 of the Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu.

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El-Kadi, A.I., Tillery, S., Whittier, R.B. et al. Assessing sustainability of groundwater resources on Jeju Island, South Korea, under climate change, drought, and increased usage. Hydrogeol J 22, 625–642 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1084-y

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