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Comparison of particle-tracking and lumped-parameter age-distribution models for evaluating vulnerability of production wells to contamination

Comparaison de modèles de traçage de particule et de modèles de distribution d’âge à paramétrage global pour l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité de puits productifs à la pollution

Comparación entre el seguimiento de una partícula y los modelos de parámetros concentrados de distribución de edad para evaluar la vulnerabilidad de los pozos de producción a la contaminación

生产井污染脆弱性评价的颗粒示踪及集中参数年龄分布模型的对比

Comparação de modelos de rastreio de partículas e de parâmetros agregados de distribuição de idade para avaliação da vulnerabilidade à contaminação de poços de produção

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Abstract

Environmental age tracers have been used in various ways to help assess vulnerability of drinking-water production wells to contamination. The most appropriate approach will depend on the information that is available and that which is desired. To understand how the well will respond to changing nonpoint-source contaminant inputs at the water table, some representation of the distribution of groundwater ages in the well is needed. Such information for production wells is sparse and difficult to obtain, especially in areas lacking detailed field studies. In this study, age distributions derived from detailed groundwater-flow models with advective particle tracking were compared with those generated from lumped-parameter models to examine conditions in which estimates from simpler, less resource-intensive lumped-parameter models could be used in place of estimates from particle-tracking models. In each of four contrasting hydrogeologic settings in the USA, particle-tracking and lumped-parameter models yielded roughly similar age distributions and largely indistinguishable contaminant trends when based on similar conceptual models and calibrated to similar tracer data. Although model calibrations and predictions were variably affected by tracer limitations and conceptual ambiguities, results illustrated the importance of full age distributions, rather than apparent tracer ages or model mean ages, for trend analysis and forecasting.

Résumé

Des traceurs environnementaux ont été utilisés de différentes façons pour aider à évaluer la vulnérabilité de puits de production d’eau potable à la pollution. L’approche la plus appropriée dépendra de l’information disponible et de celle qui est recherchée. Pour comprendre comment le puits répond à des sources de polluants non localisées et variables, il faut nécessairement une représentation de la distribution des âges de l’eau dans le puits. Une telle information sur des puits productifs est rare et difficile à obtenir, particulièrement dans les zones où manquent des études de terrain détaillées. Dans cette étude, des distributions d’âge déduites de modèles de flux souterrain détaillés avec suivi de particules advectives ont été comparés avec ceux générés par des modèles paramétriques globaux pour examiner les conditions dans lesquelles des estimations tirées de modèles plus simples, de modèles paramétrés moins liés à la ressource pourraient être utilisés à la place d’estimations issues de modèles de suivi de particule. Dans chacun des quatre sites hydrogéologiques contrastées aux USA, des modèles de suivi de particule et des modèles à paramétrage global basées sur des schémas conceptuels similaires et paramétrés pour des traçage similaires ont fourni en gros des distributions d’âge et des tendances de contamination largement semblables. Bien que les paramétrages de modèle et prévisions aient été affectés de façon variable par des limitations du traçage et par des ambiguités conceptuelles, les résultats ont illustré l’importance des distributions de l’âge total, comparativement aux âges apparents de traçage ou âges moyens du modèle, pour l’analyse de tendance et pour la prévision.

Resumen

Los trazadores de edad ambiental han sido usados de varias maneras para ayudar a evaluar de vulnerabilidad de los pozos de producción de agua potable a la contaminación. El enfoque más apropiado depende de la información que está disponible y que la que es necesaria. Para entender como el pozo responde a la entrada variable de la fuente no puntual del contaminante en la capa freática se necesita alguna representación de la distribución de las edades de agua subterránea en el pozo. Tal información para los pozos de producción está dispersa y es difícil de obtener, especialmente en áreas carentes de un estudio detallado de campo. En este estudio se compararon las distribuciones de edades derivadas de modelos detallados de flujo de agua subterránea con el seguimiento advectivo de partículas para examinar las condiciones en las cuales las estimaciones a partir de modelos de parámetros concentrados más simples y menos intensivamente dependientes de los recursos podrían ser usados en lugar de la estimación de los modelos de seguimiento de partículas. En cada una de las cuatro configuraciones hidrogeológicas contrastantes en EEUU, el seguimiento de partículas y los modelos de parámetros concentrados brindaron a grandes rasgos las distribuciones de edad y las tendencias de contaminación resultan grandemente indistinguibles cuando estaban basadas en modelos conceptuales similares y calibrados con datos de similares trazadores. A pesar que las calibraciones del modelo y las predicciones estuvieron afectadas variablemente por las limitaciones de los trazadores y las ambigüedades conceptuales, los resultados ilustraron la importancia de las distribuciones de edad completa, más bien que las edades aparentes de trazadores o de modelos de edades medias, para los análisis de tendencias y predicciones.

摘要

用于评价饮用水生产井污染脆弱性的环境年龄示踪已被广泛应用。最适合的方法取决于可利用的信息及所需数据。为了解井对水面上非点源污染物输入变化的响应,必须知道地下水年龄的分布特征。生产井的这些信息较少,且难获得,尤其是在缺少详细野外调查的地区。本次研究,年龄分布来源于详细的地下水流动模型以及平流溶质运移,并与来源于集中参数模拟的年龄分布进行比较,以确定简单少源的加强集中参数模型估计值可用于替代颗粒示踪模型估计值的条件 。在美国的四个对比水文地质设置点,颗粒示踪及集中参数模拟法基于简单概念模型,对简单示踪数据进行验证,得出了大致的简单年龄分布及主要的难分辨的污染物趋势。尽管模型验证与预测受示踪物局限性及概念的不准确性的变化影响,结果表明对趋势分析及预测而言,完整的年龄分布比表观示踪年龄或模型平均年龄更有意义。

Resumo

Traçadores ambientais de idade têm sido usados de várias maneiras para ajudar a avaliar a vulnerabilidade das captações de produção de água potável à contaminação. A abordagem mais adequada dependerá da informação que está disponível e do que é desejado. Para entender como o poço vai responder às variações das entradas de contaminantes difusos no nível freático, é necessária alguma representação da distribuição das idades das águas subterrâneas no poço. Estas informações são escassas e difíceis de obter para furos de produção, especialmente em áreas carentes de estudos de campo pormenorizados. Neste estudo, as distribuições de idade provenientes de modelos de fluxo de águas subterrâneas detalhados com rastreio de partículas advetivas foram comparadas com aqueles gerados a partir de modelos de parâmetros agregados, para examinar as condições em que as estimativas obtidas a partir de modelos mais simples, com menos recursos, poderiam ser usadas em vez das estimativas a partir de modelos de partículas de rastreio. Uma em cada quatro das configurações hidrogeológicas nos EUA, obtidas por modelos de partículas de rastreio e por modelos de parâmetros agregados, produziram distribuições de idade mais ou menos semelhantes e tendências de contaminação em grande parte indistinguíveis quando baseadas em modelos conceptuais semelhantes e calibrados para idênticos dados de traçadores. Embora a calibração e as previsões do modelo tenham sido afetadas de forma variável por limitações dos traçadores e por ambiguidades conceptuais, os resultados demonstraram a importância das distribuições de idade total, ao invés de modelos de idades aparentes de traçadores ou de modelos de média de idades, para análises de tendências e previsões.

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Acknowledgements

Groundwater-flow models with particle tracking described in this paper were constructed by K. Burow, B. Clark, C. Crandall, and J. Starn. This work was funded by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program and the USGS National Research Program. Manuscript reviews by C.T. Green, L.N. Plummer, C.S. Bayari, and several anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this report is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

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Eberts, S.M., Böhlke, J.K., Kauffman, L.J. et al. Comparison of particle-tracking and lumped-parameter age-distribution models for evaluating vulnerability of production wells to contamination. Hydrogeol J 20, 263–282 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0810-6

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