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Mapping an aquitard breach using shear-wave seismic reflection

Cartographie d’une brèche aquitarde par l’utilisation de la sismique réflexion des ondes de cisaillement

Mapeo de la ruptura de un acuitardo usando la onda de corte (transversal) de la sísmica de reflexión

应用剪切波地震反射测绘弱透水层天窗

Cartografia de uma descontinuidade num aquitardo com recurso ao método de reflexão sísmica por ondas de corte

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Abstract

In multi-layered hydrostratigraphic systems, aquitard breaches caused by faulting or paleo-erosion can allow substantial quantities of water of differing quality to be exchanged between aquifers. Seismic reflection technology was used to map the extent and orientation of an aquitard breach connecting a shallow alluvial aquifer to the deeper semi-confined Memphis aquifer in southwestern Tennessee, USA. Geophysical well logs indicate the presence of the aquitard at borehole locations that define the beginning and end points on two seismic survey lines, which intersect at a borehole where the aquitard is absent. A SE–NW-oriented paleochannel, 350 m wide and approximately 35–40 m deep, is interpreted from the seismic reflection surveys. The paleochannel cuts through the aquitard and into the upper part of the Memphis aquifer, thus creating a hydraulic connection between the shallow unconfined and deeper, semi-confined aquifers. The results indicate the potential of the shear-wave seismic reflection methods to resolve shallow breaches through fine-grained aquitards given availability of sufficient well control.

Résumé

Dans les systèmes hydrostatiques multicouches, les brèches aquitardes créés par des failles ou de la paléo-érosion, permettent à des quantités importantes d’eau de qualité variable de circuler entre différents aquifères. La sismique réflexion a été utilisée pour cartographier l’étendue et l’orientation de ces brèches aquitardes connectant un aquifère alluvial superficiel et l’aquifère profond semi-captif de Memphis situés dans le sud-ouest du Tennessee aux Etats-Unis. Des diagraphies indiquent la présence de l’aquitard dans des forages situés au début et à la fin de deux lignes d’exploration sismique dont l’intersection au niveau d’un forage ne présente pas de niveaux aquitards. Un paléo chenal orienté SE-NW, de 350 mètres de large et approximativement 35 à 40 mètres de profondeur a été déterminé par sismique réflexion. Le paléo chenal coupe l’aquitard et la partie supérieure de l’aquifère de Memphis créant ainsi une connexion hydraulique entre les alluvions libres et l’aquifère profond et semi-captif. Les résultats montrent le potentiel d’utilisation de la méthode de sismique réflexion des ondes de cisaillement pour caractériser avec suffisamment de précision les brèches peu profondes d’aquitards poreux.

Resumen

En un sistema hidroestratigráfico multicapas, la ruptura de un acuitardo causada por fallamiento o paleo erosión puede permitir que cantidades significativas de agua de diferentes calidad puedan intercambiarse entre los acuíferos. La tecnología de sísmica de reflexión fue usada para mapear la extensión y orientación de la ruptura de un acuitardo que conecta un acuífero somero aluvial con un acuífero más profundo semiconfinado Memphis, en el sudoeste de Tennessee, EE.UU. Los registros geofísicos de pozos indican la presencia de un acuitardo en los sitios perforados que definen los puntos de comienzo y final en dos líneas de relevamiento sísmico, que se intersectan en un pozo donde el acuitardo está ausente. A partir de los relevamientos de sísmica de reflexión es interpretado un paleocanal de orientación SE-NO, de 350 metros de ancho y aproximadamente de 35 a 40 m de profundidad. El paleocanal atraviesa el acuitardo en la parte superior del acuífero Memphis, creando de esa manera una conexión hidráulica entre los acuíferos no confinados someros y semi-confinado más profundo. Los resultados indican las posibilidades que tiene el método de reflexión sísmica de onda de corte (transversal) para resolver rupturas someras a través de acuitardos de grano fino, dada la disponibilidad de un adecuado control de pozo.

摘要

在多层含水层系统中, 来自不同含水层的水质不同的水可通过断层或由古侵蚀作用在弱透水层上形成的天窗发生可观的水量交换。本文应用地震反射技术测绘美国田纳西州西南部某连通一个浅部冲积含水层和深部孟斐斯半承压含水层的弱透水层天窗的展布和走向。地球物理测井显示, 地震反射测量可以反映弱透水层的起止点, 而在一个没有弱透水层的钻孔中两线反射线相交。根据地震反射勘查解译出了一个SE-NW走向、宽350 m、深约35–40 m的古河道。古河道切穿弱透水层抵至孟斐斯含水层上部, 造成了浅部非承压含水层和深部半承压含水层间的水力联系。结果表明, 在有足够的控制井的情况下, 应用剪切波地震反射方法可对穿过细粒弱透水层的浅部天窗进行充分控制。

Resumo

Em sistemas hidrostratigráficos multicamada, as descontinuidades causadas por falhamento ou paleoerosão podem permitir a transferência entre aquíferos de quantidades substanciais de água de qualidade diferenciada. No sudoeste do Tennessee, Estados Unidos da América, a tecnologia de reflexão sísmica foi usada para cartografar a extensão e a orientação de uma descontinuidade num aquitardo intercalado entre um aquífero aluvial superficial e o aquífero Memphis, mais profundo e semi-confinado. Perfis geofísicos em furos mostram a presença do aquitardo nas sondagens que definem o início e o fim de dois perfis sísmicos que se intersectam numa outra sondagem onde o aquitardo está ausente. A partir dos perfis sísmicos de reflexão interpretou-se um paleocanal com 350 m de largura e aproximadamente 35 a 40 m de profundidade. O paleocanal corta o aquitardo e atinge a parte superior do aquífero Memphis, estabelecendo assim uma conexão hidráulica entre o aquífero livre superficial e os aquíferos semi-confinados mais profundos. Os resultados mostram o potencial do método sísmico de reflexão por ondas de corte para a identificação de descontinuidades pouco profundas em aquitardos de granulometria fina, desde que se disponha de suficiente controlo por sondagens.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to acknowledge the contributions by the following entities and individuals: The University of Memphis’ Ground Water Institute for funding; Ted Fox, Shelby County Director of Public Works, and Steve Satterfield, Shelby Farms superintendent, for site access; and Jack Carmichael, USGS senior hydrologist, for editorial comments and drilling data.

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Correspondence to B. A. Waldron.

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Waldron, B.A., Harris, J.B., Larsen, D. et al. Mapping an aquitard breach using shear-wave seismic reflection. Hydrogeol J 17, 505–517 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0400-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0400-4

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