Abstract
Poly(2-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (PAPT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated and used for the simultaneous determinations of dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA) and nitrite (NO2 −) in 0.1 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 5.0) by using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The results showed that the PAPT modified GCE (PAPT/GCE) not only exhibited electrocatalytic activities towards the oxidation of DA, UA and NO2 − but also could resolve the overlapped voltammetric signals of DA, UA and NO2 − at bare GCE into three strong and well-defined oxidation peaks with enhanced current responses. The peak potential separations are 130 mV for DA–UA and 380 mV for UA–NO2 − using DPV, which are large enough for the simultaneous determinations of DA, UA and NO2 −. Under the optimal conditions, the anodic peak currents were correspondent linearly to the concentrations of DA, UA and NO2 − in the ranges of 0.95–380 μmol L−1, 2.0–1,000 μmol L−1 and 2.0–1,200 μmol L−1 for DA, UA and NO2 −, respectively. The correlation coefficients were 0.9989, 0.9970 and 0.9968, and the detection limits were 0.2, 0.35 and 0.6 μmol L−1 for DA, UA and NO2 −, respectively. In 0.1 mol L−1 PBS pH 5.0, the PAPT film exhibited good electrochemical activity, showing a surface-controlled electrode process with the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k s) of 25.9 s−1 and the charge–transfer coefficient (α) of 0.49, and thus displayed the features of an electrocatalyst. Due to its high sensitivity, good selectivity and stability, the modified electrode had been successfully applied to the determination of analytes in serum and urine samples.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Damier P, Hirsch EC, Agid Y, Graybiel AM (1999) The substantia nigra of the human brain. II Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease Brain 122:1437–1448
Heinz A, Przuntek H, Winterer G, Pietzcker A (1995) Clinical aspects and follow-up of dopamine-induced psychoses in continuous dopaminergic therapy and their implications for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenic symptoms. Nervenarzt 66:662–669
Ciszewski A, Milczarek G (1999) Polyeugenol-modified platinum electrode for selective detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. Anal Chem 71:1055–1061
Martin C (1998) The Parkinson’s puzzle, new developments in our understanding of Parkinson’s disease have generated a number of promising new treatments for this disabling condition. Chem Br 34:40–42
Wightman RM, May LJ, Michael AC (1988) Detection of dopamine dynamics in the brain. Anal Chem 60:769A–779A
Manjunatha H, Nagaraju DH, Suresh GS, Venkatesha TV (2009) Detection of uric acid in the presence of dopamine and high concentration of ascorbic acid using PDDA modified graphite electrode. Electroanalysis 21:2198–2206
Behera S, Retna Raj C (2007) Mercaptoethylpyrazine promoted electrochemistry of redox protein and amperometric biosensing of uric acid. Biosens Bioelectron 23:556–561
Zen JM, Jou JJ, Ilangovan G (1998) Selective voltammetric method for uric acid detection using preanodized Nafion-coated glassy carbon electrodes. Analyst 123:1345–1350
Popa E, Kubota Y, Tryk DA, Fujishima A (2000) Selective voltammetric amperometric detection of uric acid with oxidized diamond film electrodes. Anal Chem 72:1724–1727
Kanda Y, Taira M (2003) Flow-injection analysis method for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in natural water samples using a chemiluminescence NOx monitor. Anal Sci 19:695–699
Biagiotti V, Valentini F, Tamburri E, Terranova ML, Moscone D, Palleschi G (2007) Synthesis and characterization of polymeric films and nanotubule nets used to assemble selective sensors for nitrite detection in drinking water. Sens Actuat B 122:236–242
Liu P, Hu J (2004) Nitrite reduction in acidic solution at a GC/Eastman-AQ-Os(bpy)32+-PVP composite modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem 566:423–432
Noroozifar M, Khorasani-Motlagh M, Taheri A, Homayoonfard M (2007) Application of manganese (IV) dioxide microcolumn for determination and speciation of nitrite and nitrate using a flow injection analysis–flame atomic absorption spectrometry system. Talanta 71:359–364
Al-Okab RA, Sayed AA (2007) Novel reactions for simple and sensitive spectrophotometric determination of nitrite. Talanta 72:1239–1247
Guevara-Guzmam R, Emson PC, Kendrick KMJ (1994) Modulation of in vivo striatal transmitter release by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. J Neurochem 62:807–810
Zhang Y, Yuan R, Chai YQ, Li WJ, Zhong X, Zhong HA (2011) Simultaneous voltammetric determination for DA, AA and NO2 – based on graphenen/poly-cyclodextrin/MWCNTs nanocomposite platform. Biosens Bioelectron 26:3977–3980
Tahboub YR (2008) Determination of nitrite and nitrate in cell culture media by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with simultaneous UV–VIS and fluorescence detection. Jordan J Chem 3:69–75
Atta NF, El-Kady MF, Galal A (2010) Simultaneous determination of catecholamines, uric acid and ascorbic acid at physiological levels using poly(N-methylpyrrole)/Pd-nanoclusters sensor. Anal Biochem 400:78–88
Zhang Y, Yuan R, Chai YQ, Zhong X, Zhong HA (2012) Carbon nanotubes incorporated with sol–gel derived La(OH)3 nanorods as platform to simultaneously determine ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and nitrite. Colloids Surf B Biointer 100:185–189
Li YY, Du J, Yang JD, Liu D, Lu XQ (2012) Electrocatalytic detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid using single-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Colloids Surf B Biointer 97:32–36
Mohammad HM, Taher Y, Ahmad NG (2012) A nickel hexacyanoferrate and poly(1-naphthol) hybrid film modified electrode used in the selective electroanalysis of dopamine. Electrochim Acta 59:321–328
Tian XQ, Cheng CM, Yuan HY, Du J, Xiao D, Xie SP, Choi Martin MF (2012) Simultaneous determination of L-ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid with gold nanoparticles-β-cyclodextrin-graphene-modified electrode by aquare wave voltammetry. Talanta 93:79–85
Wang C, Yuan R, Chai YQ, Chen SH, Zhang Y, Hu FX, Zhang MH (2012) Non-covalent iron(III)-porphyrin functionalized muli-walled carbon nanotubes for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and nitrite. Electrochim Acta 62:109–115
Wang C, Yuan R, Chai YQ, Zhang Y, Hu FX, Zhang MH (2011) Au-nanoclusters incorporated 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole film modified electrode for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and nitrite. Biosens Bioelectron 30:315–319
Zhang W, Yuan R, Chai YQ, Zhang Y, Chen SH (2012) A simple strategy based on lanthanum–multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and nitrite. Sens Actuat B 166–167:601–607
Solmaz R (2011) Eletrochemical synthesis of poly-2-aminothiazole on mild steel and its corrosion inhibiton performance. Prog Org Coat 70:122–126
Zhang C, Hua C, Wang GH, Ouyang M, Ma CN (2010) A novel multichromic copolymer via electrochemical copolymerization of (S)-1, 1’-binaphthyl-2, 2’-diyl bis(N-(6-hexanoic acid-1-yl)pyrrole) and 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene. Electrochim Acta 55:4103–4111
Cristante VM, Jorge SMA, Valente JPS, Saeki MJ, Florentino AO, Padilha PM (2007) TiO2 films organofunctionalized with 2-aminothiazole ligand and adsorbed Pd(II) ions applied in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in an aqueous medium. Thin Solid Films 515:5334–5340
Zhang L, Lang QH, Shi ZG (2010) Electrochemical synthesis of three-dimensional polyaniline network on 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid functionalized glassy garbon electrode and it application. Am J Anal Chem 1:102–112
Abdalla Araujo A, Del Nero J, Laks B (1999) Study of copolymer composed by polyacetylene and polyazine. Synth Met 101:365–366
Kijima M, Ohmura K, Shirakawa H (1999) Electrochemical synthesis of free-standing polyacetylene film with copper catalyst. Synth Met 101:58
del Valle A, Ma GM, Díaz FR, Armijo F, Del Río R (2009) Electrosynthesis of polythiophene nanowires via mesoporous silica thin film templates. Electrochem Commun 11:2117–2120
Fabre B (2001) Trifluoroborate-substituted polythiophene as a novel conjugated polymer promising for sensing and solid-state reactions. Electrochem Commun 3:549–552
Fan LZ, Maier J (2006) High-performance polypyrrole eletrode materials for redox supercapacitors. Electrochem Commun 8:937–940
Makhloufi L, Hammache H, Saidani B (2000) Electrocatalytic reduction of proton on polypyrrole coatings onto aluminium modified by the electrochemical cementation process. Electrochem Commun 2:552–556
Zhang L, Jiang X, Niu L, Dong SJ (2006) Syntheses of fully sulfonated polyaniline nano-networks and its application to the direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c. Biosens Bioelectron 21:1107–1115
Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang CH (2009) Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline nano-network on α-alianine functionalized glassy carbon electrode and its application for the direct electrochemistry of horse heart cytochrome c. Biosens Bioelectron 24:2085–2090
Revin SB, John SA (2011) Electropolymerization of 3-amino-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazole on glassy carbon electrode and its electrocatalytic activity towards uric acid. Electrochim Acta 56:8934–8940
Xue Y, Sheng ZH, Zhao H, Wu ZJ, Li XJ, He YJ, Yuan Z (2012) Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of a novel thiazole-based copolymer and its application in biosensor. Electrochim Acta 59:256–263
Zhang LJ, Wen Y, Pan YC, Yang HF (2011) 2-Amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole film at the silver surface: Observation by Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. Appl Surf Sci 257:6347–6352
Genies EM, Lapkowski M (1988) Polyaniline films. Electrochemical redox mechanisms Synth Met 24:61–68
Ye SY, Tian SW, Wang SJ, Wang JM (1988) Electrochemical polymerization and characterization of 4-vinylpyridine. J Xiamen Univ 27:181–185
Laviron E (1979) General expression of the liner potential sweep voltammogram in the case of diffusionless electrochemical systems. J Electroanal Chem 101:19–28
Finklea HO, Snider DA, Fedyk J, Sabatani E, Gafni Y, Rubinstein I (1993) Characterization of octadecanethiol-coated gold electrodes as microarray electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy. Langmuir 9:3660–3667
Liu AL, Zhang SB, Chen W, Lin XH, Xia XH (2008) Simultaneous votammetric determination of norepinephrine, ascorbic acid and uric acid on polycalconcarboxylic aid modified glassy carbon electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 23:1488–1495
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOC 567 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, L., Wang, L. Poly(2-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole) film modified electrode for the simultaneous determinations of dopamine, uric acid and nitrite. J Solid State Electrochem 17, 691–700 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1904-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1904-3