Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with periodontal disease

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Clinical Oral Investigations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

Vitamin D plays an essential role in bone metabolism as well as in immunity. Hence, it might affect the development and extent of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status in periodontal disease.

Materials and methods

Twenty-nine patients with severe periodontal disease and 29 healthy volunteers were recruited in this case-control-study. Serum 25(OH)D levels, Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Body Mass Index (BMI), and current smoking status and smoking history (packyears) were assessed in all participants. Serum 25(OH)D levels were compared between controls and cases. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for periodontal disease in 25(OH)D deficient probands.

Results

Patients with periodontal disease presented a significantly higher proportion of deficient 25(OH)D levels (i.e., <50 nmol/l) compared to healthy controls (48 vs. 14 % respectively). The adjusted OR for periodontal disease with vitamin D deficiency was 1.5 (95 % CI, 1.13–1.98). No correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels and CAL, PPD, and BOP in the group with periodontal disease was found.

Conclusions

In this case-control-study 25(OH)D deficiency is significantly associated with periodontal disease.

Clinical relevance

The assessment of vitamin D levels in patients presenting with periodontal disease seems advisable, as vitamin D deficiency might be involved in the onset and progression of periodontal disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adams JS, Hewison M (2010) Update in vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(2):471–478

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Dobnig H (2011) A review of the health consequences of the vitamin D deficiency pandemic. J Neurol Sci 311(1–2):15–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bashutski JD et al (2011) The impact of vitamin D status on periodontal surgery outcomes. J Dent Res 90(8):1007–1012

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Dietrich T et al (2005) Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gingival inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr 82(3):575–580

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dietrich T et al (2004) Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 80(1):108–113

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357(3):266–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Pilz S et al (2011) Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Clin Endocrinol 75(5):575–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosen CJ (2011) Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency. N Engl J Med 364(3):248–254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Van der Velden U, Kuzmanova D, Chapple IL (2011) Micronutritional approaches to periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 38(Suppl 11):142–158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Looker AC et al (2008) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988–1994 compared with 2000–2004. Am J Clin Nutr 88(6):1519–1527

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Liu PT et al (2006) Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311(5768):1770–1773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hokugo A et al (2010) Increased prevalence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw with vitamin D deficiency in rats. J Bone Miner Res 25(6):1337–1349

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Hewison M (2010) Vitamin D and the immune system: new perspectives on an old theme. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 39(2):365–379 table of contents

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lemire JM et al (1995) Immunosuppressive actions of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J Nutr 125(6 Suppl):1704S–1708S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Matzinger P, Kamala T (2011) Tissue-based class control: the other side of tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 11(3):221–230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Andrukhov O et al (2014) Both 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 reduces inflammatory response in human periodontal ligament cells. PLoS One 9(2):e90301

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Nebel D et al (2015) 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes osteogenic activity and downregulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 50(5):666–673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Grenier, D., et al., (2015) Vitamin D inhibits the growth of and virulence factor gene expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis and blocks activation of the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor in monocytes, J Periodontal Res.

  19. Li H et al (2013) 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ameliorates periodontitis by modulating the expression of inflammation-associated factors in diabetic mice. Steroids 78(2):115–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhan Y et al (2014) Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and tooth loss. J Dent Res 93(7):639–644

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Antonoglou G et al (2013) Serum 1, 25(OH) D level increases after elimination of periodontal inflammation in T1DM subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(10):3999–4005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Antonoglou GN et al (2015) Low serum level of 1, 25(OH)2 D is associated with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 50(2):274–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Boggess KA et al (2011) Vitamin D status and periodontal disease among pregnant women. J Periodontol 82(2):195–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Miley DD et al (2009) Cross-sectional study of vitamin D and calcium supplementation effects on chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 80(9):1433–1439

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Garcia MN et al One-year effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 82(1):25–32

  26. Artaza JN, Mehrotra R, Norris KC (2009) Vitamin D and the cardiovascular system. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4(9):1515–1522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Humphrey LL et al (2008) Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 23(12):2079–2086

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Dobnig H et al (2008) Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 168(12):1340–1349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Genco RJ et al (2005) A proposed model linking inflammation to obesity, diabetes, and periodontal infections. J Periodontol 76(11 Suppl):2075–2084

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Saito T et al (2005) Relationship between obesity, glucose tolerance, and periodontal disease in Japanese women: the Hisayama study. J Periodontal Res 40(4):346–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Linden G et al (2007) Obesity and periodontitis in 60–70-year-old men. J Clin Periodontol 34(6):461–466

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Suvan J et al Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults. A systematic review. Obes Rev 12(5):e381–e404

  33. Suvan, J.E., et al., (2015) Association between overweight/obesity and increased risk of periodontitis, J Clin Periodontol.

  34. Lenders CM et al (2009) Relation of body fat indexes to vitamin D status and deficiency among obese adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 90(3):459–467

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Snijder MB et al (2005) Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(7):4119–4123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wortsman J et al (2000) Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 72(3):690–693

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Albandar JM, Brunelle JA, Kingman A (1999) Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988–1994. J Periodontol 70(1):13–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Albert PJ, Proal AD, Marshall TG (2009) Vitamin D: the alternative hypothesis. Autoimmun Rev 8(8):639–644

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mangin M, Sinha R, Fincher K (2014) Inflammation and vitamin D: the infection connection. Inflamm Res 63(10):803–819

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Dixon D et al (2009) Calcium and vitamin D use among adults in periodontal disease maintenance programmes. Br Dent J 206(12):627–631 discussion 617

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gonzalez-Gross M et al Vitamin D status among adolescents in Europe: the healthy lifestyle in Europe by nutrition in adolescence study. Br J Nutr:1–10

  42. Holick MF et al (2011) Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(7):1911–1930

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bjelakovic G et al (2014) Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD007470

  44. Vieth R (1999) Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 69(5):842–856

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by research grant no.12986 from the Austrian National Bank. The authors wish to thank Mrs. Hedwig Rutschek (Medical University of Vienna) and Mrs. Phoung Quynh Nguyen (Medical University of Vienna) for their valuable contribution.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Markus Laky, Hady Haririan, Oleh Andrukhov, Andreas Moritz & Xiaohui Rausch-Fan

  2. Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

    Kristina Bertl

  3. Division of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Kristina Bertl

  4. University Hospital of Craniomaxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Rudolf Seemann

  5. Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria

    Ivo Volf & Alice Assinger

  6. Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Reinhard Gruber

  7. Division of Dental Education, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Andreas Moritz

Authors
  1. Markus Laky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kristina Bertl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hady Haririan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Oleh Andrukhov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rudolf Seemann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ivo Volf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Alice Assinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Reinhard Gruber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Andreas Moritz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Markus Laky.

Ethics declarations

Funding

This work was supported by research grant no.12986 from the Austrian National Bank.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Laky, M., Bertl, K., Haririan, H. et al. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with periodontal disease. Clin Oral Invest 21, 1553–1558 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1965-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1965-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation