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Dynamic aggregation of the mid-sized gadolinium complex {Ph4[Gd(DTTA)(H2O)2]− 3}

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Abstract

A compound binding three Gd3+ ions, {Ph4[Gd(DTTA)(H2O)2]− 3} (where H5DTTA is diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid), has been synthesized around a hydrophobic center made up of four phenyl rings. In aqueous solution the molecules start to self-aggregate at concentrations well below 1 mM as shown by the increase of rotational correlation times and by the decrease of the translational self-diffusion constant. NMR spectra recorded in aqueous solution of the diamagnetic analogue {Ph4[Y(DTTA)(H2O)2]− 3} show that the aggregation is dynamic and due to intermolecular π-stacking interactions between the hydrophobic aromatic centers. From estimations of effective radii, it can be concluded that the aggregates are composed of two to three monomers. The paramagnetic {Ph4[Gd(DTTA)(H2O)2]− 3} exhibits concentration-dependent 1H NMR relaxivities with high values of approximately 50 mM−1 s−1 (30 MHz, 25 °C) at gadolinium concentrations above 20 mM. A combined analysis of 1H NMR dispersion profiles measured at different concentrations of the compound and 17O NMR data measured at various temperatures was performed using different theoretical approaches. The fitted parameters showed that the increase in relaxivity with increasing concentration of the compound is due to slower global rotational motion and an increase of the Lipari–Szabo order parameter S 2.

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Abbreviations

AFA:

Anisotropic Florence approach

DO3A:

Tetraazacylcododecanetriacetic acid

DOSY:

Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy

DSS:

4,4-Dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonic acid

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

FFC:

Fast field cycling

H5DTTA:

Diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NMRD:

NMR dispersion

Ph4DTTA3 :

1,3,5-Tris{4-[(bis{2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}benzene

RFB:

Rast–Fries–Belorizky

SBM:

Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan

ZFS:

Zero-field splitting

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Acknowledgments

We thank Luc Reymond and Kai Johnsson at EFPL for provision of the analytical and preparative HPLC systems and their numerous amounts of advice and many ideas. Kim von Allmen is thanked for the fastidious purifications and various types of assistance. Joël Teuscher and Catherine Schütz at EPFL are thanked for the time they devoted to the dynamic light scattering experiments. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-BCH, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Hugues Jaccard, Pascal Miéville, Caroline Cannizzo & Lothar Helm

  2. Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes de Versailles LISV-EA 4048, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 10/12 Avenue de l’Europe, 78140, Vélizy, France

    Cédric R. Mayer

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  1. Hugues Jaccard
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  2. Pascal Miéville
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  3. Caroline Cannizzo
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  5. Lothar Helm
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Correspondence to Lothar Helm.

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Responsible Editor: Valerie C. Pierre.

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Jaccard, H., Miéville, P., Cannizzo, C. et al. Dynamic aggregation of the mid-sized gadolinium complex {Ph4[Gd(DTTA)(H2O)2]− 3}. J Biol Inorg Chem 19, 145–159 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-013-1036-y

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