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Therapeutische Strategien und Techniken der Behandlung der akuten und subakuten Typ-B-Aortendissektion

Therapeutic strategies and techniques for treatment of acute and subacute type B aortic dissection

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

In den letzten Jahren wurden Prognosefaktoren der primär unkomplizierten akuten Typ-B-Aortendissektion identifiziert, die zu einer erhöhten Letalität und Morbidität im Langzeitverlauf führen können.

Fragestellung

Entwicklung neuer weicher TEVAR-Indikationen in der akuten und subakuten Phase.

Material und Methode

Auswertung der aktuellen Literaturergebnisse. Diskussion der operativen Technik.

Ergebnisse

Die aktuellen Behandlungsempfehlungen basieren auf Ergebnissen von Studien, die einen Überlebensvorteil bei konservativer Behandlung der unkomplizierten akuten Typ-B-Aortendissektion im kurzfristigen Verlauf gezeigt haben. Langfristig haben jedoch die primär komplizierten Fälle, die mit TEVAR behandelt wurden, eine bessere Prognose. Ein Remodeling der Aorta konnte durch TEVAR induziert werden. Unter konservativer Behandlung ist eine Normalisierung der Aortenmorphologie nicht zu erwarten. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Entwicklung von thorakoabdominellen Aneurysmen und daraus resultierenden Komplikationen ist hoch. Klinische Faktoren, die einen komplizierten Langzeitverlauf begünstigen, sind ein Alter ≤ 60 Jahre und ein Marfan-Syndrom, morphologische Faktoren sind ein vorbestehender Aortendurchmesser ≥ 40 mm, ein Entry ≥ 10 mm, ein falsches Lumen ≥ 22 mm, ein Einriss an der kleinen Kurvatur und fehlende Reentries. Der günstigste Zeitraum für TEVAR ist die subakute Phase.

Schlussfolgerungen

Neben der Behandlung von Komplikationen der akuten und subakuten Typ-B-Aortendissektion können die oben genannten weichen Kriterien als TEVAR-Indikation erwogen werden. Dieser Therapieansatz muss prospektiv evaluiert werden, bevor eine generelle Behandlungsempfehlung gegeben werden kann.

Abstract

Background

In recent years clinical prognostic factors of increased long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with initially uncomplicated type B aortic dissection could be identified.

Objectives

Defining new relative indications for thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in the acute and sub-acute phase.

Methods

Review of the current literature. Discussion of operative techniques.

Results

The current guidelines are based on trials which have shown an improved early survival rate for non-operative treatment of uncomplicated type B aortic dissection; however, the long-term outcome was superior in initially complicated cases treated by TEVAR whereby a remodeling of the aorta could be induced. By conservative medicinal therapy, improvement of aortic morphology is not to be expected. Formation of thoracoabdominal aneurysms and resulting complications is likely. The following predictors for complications in the long term could be identified: age ≤ 60 years, Marfan syndrome, initial aortic diameter ≥ 40 mm, entry tear ≥ 10 mm, false lumen diameter ≥ 22 mm, entry tear in the lesser curve of the aortic arch and absence of distal re-entry tear. The optimal timing for TEVAR is the sub-acute phase.

Conclusion

In addition to complicated acute and subacute type B aortic dissection the abovementioned negative predictors might be considered as relative indications for TEVAR in uncomplicated cases. Further evaluations are required before recommendations can be made.

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Abbreviations

OMT:

optimale medikamentöse Therapie

INSTEAD:

investigation of stent grafts in aortic dissection trial

IRAD:

international registry of acute aortic dissection

TEVAR:

thoracic endovascular aortic repair

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Correspondence to B. Kasprzak.

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Kasprzak, B. Therapeutische Strategien und Techniken der Behandlung der akuten und subakuten Typ-B-Aortendissektion. Gefässchirurgie 20, 428–434 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-015-0076-8

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