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Linking our understanding of mammary gland metabolism to amino acid nutrition

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Abstract

Amino acids (AA) are not only building blocks of protein but are also key regulators of metabolic pathways in animals. Understanding the fate of AA is crucial to optimize utilization of AA for milk protein synthesis and, therefore, to reduce inefficiencies of nutrient utilization during lactation. By understanding the functional role of AA metabolism in mammary tissue, we can uncover pathways and molecular targets to improve AA utilization by mothers and neonates during the lactation period. The major objective of this article is to highlight recent advances in mammary AA transport, metabolism and utilization. Such knowledge will aid in refining dietary requirements of AA for lactating mammals, including women, sows and cows.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Amino acids

ASCT:

Alanine, serine, cysteine amino acid transport protein

ATB0,+ :

B0,+-type amino acid transport protein

b0,+AT:

b0,+-type amino acid transport protein

BCAA:

Branched-chain amino acids

BCAT:

Branched-chain aminotransferase

BCKA:

Branched-chain α-keto acids

BCKAD:

Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase

CAT-1:

Cationic amino acid transport protein 1

CAT-2b:

Cationic amino acid transport protein 2

CP:

Crude protein

DETA-NO:

Diethylenetriamine-NO

EAAT:

Excitatory amino acid transporter

GOT:

Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase

GPT:

Glutamate pyruvate transaminase

GS:

Glutamine synthetase

LAT:

L-type amino acid transporter

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

NRC:

National Research Council

OAT:

Ornithine aminotransferase

ODC:

Ornithine decarboxylase

P5C:

Δ1-l-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate

P5CD:

Δ1-l-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase

P5CR:

Δ1-l-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase

y+LAT:

y+L-Type amino acid transporter

rBAT:

Amino acid transporter rB

SNAT:

Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter

TAT:

T-type amino acid transporter

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported, in part, by funds from Texas A&M AgriLife Research (No. 8200) and National Research Initiative Competitive Grants from the Animal Growth and Nutrient Utilization Program (No. 2014-67015-21770) of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Rodrigo Manjarin & Nathalie L. Trottier

  2. Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Brian J. Bequette

  3. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Guoyao Wu

  4. USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Rodrigo Manjarin

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  1. Rodrigo Manjarin
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Correspondence to Nathalie L. Trottier.

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Manjarin, R., Bequette, B.J., Wu, G. et al. Linking our understanding of mammary gland metabolism to amino acid nutrition. Amino Acids 46, 2447–2462 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1818-8

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