Abstract
Disruptions in circadian rhythm and stress reactivity are associated with risks of developing neuropsychiatric disorders. The circadian system is organised in a hierarchical manner, whereby the master clock is located at the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a highly conserved brain region that coordinates the oscillations of peripheral clocks. Exposure to psychological stress leads to activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. There is growing evidence supporting the interactions between the circadian and stress systems. Anatomically, the circadian and stress signals converge at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypothalamus. Genes that are involved in the operation of the circadian and stress systems, including Clock, Period and CRH are expressed in the PVN. In addition, several neuropeptides, including arginin-vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, are present in the PVN. In this review, we will discuss the interaction of circadian genes and stress-response genes at the molecular, neurotransmission and behavioural levels. We will place particular emphasis on the role of neuropeptides in mediating this interaction.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement- related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT-2007-037286), the FP7 projects ADAMS (Genomic variations underlying common neuropsychiatric diseases and disease-related cognitive traits in different human populations) (242257) and the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), as well as the Medical Research Council Programme Grant “Developmental pathways into adolescent substance abuse” (93558). We thank Dr. David Stacey for his critical comments on this manuscript.
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Wong, C.C.P., Schumann, G. Integration of the circadian and stress systems: influence of neuropeptides and implications for alcohol consumption. J Neural Transm 119, 1111–1120 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0829-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0829-4
Keywords
- Circadian
- Clock
- Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
- Stress
- Period
- Vasopressin (AVP)
- Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- Glucocorticoid
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Alcohol