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Floral biology of Schismatoglottis baangongensis (Araceae) in West Sarawak, Borneo

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Abstract

The flowering mechanism, visiting insect activities, reproductive system, and floral scent composition of Schismatoglottis baangongensis a Northwest Bornean locally endemic limestone-restricted protogynous mesophyte were investigated. Anthesis started at dawn and lasted ca 29 h. Fruit set for open pollination (93 %) and restricted access pollination (88 %) were high. Colocasiomyia (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and Cycreon (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) were the main pollinators. Colocasiomyia flies present in much higher numbers than Cycreon beetles individually carried significantly less pollen load. Chaloenus (Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) was inadvertent pollinators, and Atheta (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) passive visitors. Pollen transferal between dissimilar insect genera (Colocasiomyia and Chaloenus) is reported for the first time. Low pollen/ovule ratio of S. baangongensis indicated an efficient pollination mechanism. Ester compound class floral odours, especially the dominant compounds 3-butenoic acid, 3-methyl-, methyl ester, were decisive in attracting pollinators. The spadix appendix of S. baangongensis was the main olfactory body although the spathe was detected to release an additional N-containing compound, an indole. An increase in the total amount of floral scent from the pistillate flower zone during pistillate phase of anthesis from Period I (06:00–08:00 h) to Period II (08:00–10:00 h) was postulated to detain insects in the lower chamber of the inflorescence.

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Acknowledgments

This is part of an on-going research funded by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia through Vote Nos. ERGS/01(02)/808/2011(03), FRGS/STWN10(01)985/2013(26) and NRGS/1089/2013-(03). The collaboration and support of the Sarawak Forestry Department are gratefully acknowledged. The most recent fieldwork has been conducted under Research Permit No. NCCD.907.4.4(Jld.12)-51 and Park Permit No. 121/2015. We sincerely thank Masanori J. Toda, Haruo Matsuzawa, Masahito T. Kimura, Alexander G. Kirejtshuk, and Martin Fikáček for identifying the insect specimens. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

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  1. Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Yin Ch. Hoe & Sin Y. Wong

  2. Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Johor Branch Campus, 85000, Segamat, Johor, Malaysia

    Yin Ch. Hoe

  3. Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Sin Y. Wong

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Handling editor: Marlies Sazima.

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Online Resource 1.

Unidentified black (white arrows) and red ants (yellow arrows) are dispersing the fruits (PDF 5222 kb)

Online Resource 2.

Pollen view under compound microscope. a Schismatoglottis pollen grains loaded on Cycreon beetles (200X magnification), b–d unidentified pollen grains on Cycreon beetles (200 × magnification), e Schismatoglottis pollen grains (100× magnification), f unidentified pollen grain on Colocasiomyia flies (200X magnification) (PDF 2458 kb)

Information on Electronic Supplementary Material

Information on Electronic Supplementary Material

Online Resource 1. Unidentified black (white arrows) and red ants (yellow arrows) are dispersing the fruits.

Online Resource 2. Pollen view under compound microscope. a Schismatoglottis pollen grains loaded on Cycreon beetles (200X magnification), b–d unidentified pollen grains on Cycreon beetles (200 × magnification), e Schismatoglottis pollen grains (100 × magnification), f unidentified pollen grain on Colocasiomyia flies (200X magnification).

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Hoe, Y.C., Wong, S.Y. Floral biology of Schismatoglottis baangongensis (Araceae) in West Sarawak, Borneo. Plant Syst Evol 302, 1239–1252 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1329-z

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