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Genome size in Filago L. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) and related genera: phylogenetic, evolutionary and ecological implications

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Abstract

Recent studies have proposed a monophyletic circumscription of Filago and a new subgeneric treatment for this genus. The aim of this study was to analyse the nuclear genome size in a phylogenetic framework in order to evaluate the systematic significance of this trait to provide insights into the dynamics of genome size evolution and to assess relationships among DNA content, specific life and ecological features within the study group. A holoploid genome size of 76 samples corresponding to 27 taxa was determined using flow cytometry, which represents the first estimates of genome size in Bombycilaena, Filago, Ifloga and Logfia. Chromosome counts were performed for six species. Parsimony and Bayesian analysis of ITS, ETS and rpl32-trnL intergenic spacer sequence data were used to construct molecular phylogenetic trees. The evolution of genome size was investigated troughout the Brownian motion model with the three scaling parameters λ, κ and δ. The mean 2C-value in the Filago group is relatively low (1.3644 ± 0.0079 pg) and homogeneous among species. A high degree of congruence was found between genome size distribution and the major phylogenetic lineages obtained. The generally accepted assumption that annual, ephemeral and autogamous species show low genome sizes was confirmed. Also the relatively high DNA contents found for a couple of species could be correlated with their highly specific ecological requirements. Phylogeny seems to represent the most important factor explaining the pattern of DNA amount variation in the Filago group. The DNA amount does not seem to be strongly influenced by selection.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to express our deep gratitude to Prof. J. Greilhuber for generous help at the early stages of this work and for comments that have improved this manuscript. Many thanks to Dr. M. Galbany-Casals for her constant support, enthusiastic discussions and help with phylogenetic analyses. Also our acknowledgement goes to Dr. A.M. Escudero Lirio, who helped with the statistical analyses using R software, and Dr. F. Gallego and Dr. L. Delgado for advice regarding chromosome counts. Thanks are also due to our friend Dr. J. Peñas de Giles for his collaboration in the field work. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (www.micinn.es) through projects CGL2008-02982-C03-02/CLI, CGL2011-28613-C03-03 and CGL2009-07555. SAS was also supported by a research grant financed by MICINN.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain

    Santiago Andrés-Sánchez, Enrique Rico & M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega

  2. Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria

    Eva M. Temsch

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  1. Santiago Andrés-Sánchez
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  2. Eva M. Temsch
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  3. Enrique Rico
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  4. M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega
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Correspondence to Santiago Andrés-Sánchez.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

Taxa, location, date and collectors of all samples included in the analyses of genome size. The EMBL accession numbers (ITS, ETS, rpl32-trnL intergenic spacer) of each taxon from Galbany-Casals et al. (2010) are included in parentheses.

Bombycilaena discolor (Pers.) Laínz, Morocco, Oriental, Taurirt, Narguechoum, Za river, 550 m, 14-IV-2006, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA134284 (FN645843, FN645560, FN649364); Filago argentea (Pomel) Chrtek & Holub, Morocco, Oriental, mouth of Moulouya, 5 m, 16-IV-2006, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA134245 (FN645859, FN645569, FN649373); Filago arvensis L., Morocco, Atlas Mountains, Adrar-n-Oukaïmeden, 3,000 m, 29-VI-2006, A. Herrero et al., SALA134334 (FN645885, FN645605, FN649361); Filago carpetana (Lange) Chrtek & Holub, Spain, Teruel, Albarracín, Fuente del Cabrerizo, 1,303 m, 18-VI-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA135591 (FN645858, FN645568, FN649372); Filago congesta Guss. Ex DC., Spain, Albacete, Elche de la Sierra, road to Riopar, 830 m, 13-VI-2007, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA134211 (FN645848, FN645577, FN649382); Filago crocidion (Pomel) Cortek & Holub, Morocco, Taza, Daya Chiker (plain Chiker), 1,365 m, 23-VI-2008, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA139146 (FN645864, FN645601, FN649403); Filago desertorum Pomel, Spain, Almería, Filabres Mountains, 611 m, 31-IV-2007, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA134350 (FN645874, FN645591, FN649391); Filago discolor (DC.) Andrés–Sánchez & Galbany, Morocco, Beni-Mellall, Col de Tanout ou Fillal, 2,070 m, 6-VII-2006, A. Quintanar et al., SALA134338 (FN645853, FN645564, FN649368); Filago duriaei Lange, Morocco, Taza, Daya Chiker (plain Chiker), 1,370 m, 23-VI-2008, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA139174 (FN645881, FN645587, FN649389); Filago fuscescens Pomel, Spain, Murcia, El cantal, near to Águilas, 78 m, 3-IV-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA141935 (FN645846, FN645580, FN649394); Filago gaditana (Pau) Andrés–Sánchez & Galbany, Spain, Pontevedra, Cangas del Morrazo, Playa del Limens, 20 m, 18-V-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA139193 (FN645869, FN645576, FN649380); Filago griffithii (A. Gray) Andrés–Sánchez & Galbany, Armenia, Ararat, Hadis Mountains, 1,220 m, 1-VII-2005, C. Navarro et al., SALA134833 (FN645888, FN645608, FN649405); Filago hispanica (Degen & Hervier) Chrtek & Holub, Spain, Jaén, Pontones, Laguna de la Cañada Cruz, 1,590 m, 12-VII-2007, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA134387 (FN645855, FN645565, FN649370); Filago lusitanica (Samp.) P. Silva, Spain, Cáceres, Malpartida de Cáceres, Los Barruecos, 350 m, 23-IV-2009, E. Rico, SALA110253 (FN645866, FN645572, FN649376); Filago lutescens subsp. atlantica Wagenitz, Spain, Cádiz, Tarifa, Facinas, 85 m, 15-VI-2008, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA139215 (FN645877, FN645595, FN649399); Filago lutescens Jordan subsp. lutescens, Spain, Zamora, Almaraz de Duero, Valdedores, 730 m, 3-VII-2008, L. Delgado et al., SALA134827 (FN645876, FN645594, FN649395); Filago mareotica Delile, Spain, Murcia, Águilas, road to Vera, 7 m, 24-IV-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez, SALA139217 (FN645879, 645593, FN649393); Filago micropodioides Lange, Morocco, Oriental, between Guercif and Saka, 455 m, 17-III-2008, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA134397 (FN645850, FN645582, FN649385); Filago nevadensis (Boiss.) Wagenitz & Greuter, Spain, Granada, near Las Sabinas, 2,155 m, 13-VII-2006, J. Peñas, SALA134830 (FN645862, FN645599, FN649401); Filago pygmaea L., Spain, Salamanca, Calvarrasa de Arriba, Ermita de la Peña, 760 m, 5-VI-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA139211 (FN645868, FN645574, FN649379); Filago pyramidata L., Spain, Tarragona, between Poblet Monastery and Prades, 547 m, 16-VI-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA110287 (FN645873, FN645590, FN649383); Filago ramosissima Lange, Spain, Granada, Izbor, road to Lanjarón, 534 m, 4-IV-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA139149 (FN645880, FN645563, FN649367); Filago vulgaris Lam., Spain, Gerona, La Jonquera, between La Jonquera and Cantallops, 220 m, 17-VI-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA135586 (FN645878, FN645604, FN649406); Ifloga spicata (Forskal) Schultz Bitp.. Spain, Almería, Tabernas, 544 m, 22-II-2004, M. Martínez-Ortega et al., SALA134835 (FN645825, FN645627, FN649356); Logfia clementei (Willk.) Holub, Spain, Almería, Níjar, Monsul, beach of Genoveses, 12 m, 13-IV-2005, M. Santos et al., SALA134322 (FN645837, FN645612, FN649342); Logfia gallica (L.) Coss. & Germ., Spain, Barcelona, between Breda and San Celoni, near to Batlloria, 92 m, 17-VI-2009, S. Andrés–Sánchez et al., SALA139203 (FN645838, FN645556, FN649339); Logfia minima (Sm.) Dumort. Spain, Zamora, Cañizal, 822 m, 9-V-2005, M. Martínez-Ortega et al., SALA134213 (FN645817, FN645613, FN649347).

Appendix 2

Models of evolution of genome size. For each model: values of the log-likelihood, Brownian rate parameter (σ2), third parameter (λ, κ or δ) and Bayes information criterion weight (BIC). The analyses were carried out with 1000 trees subsampled from the phylogenetic Bayesian analysis.

Model

Log-likelihood

σ2

3rd parameter

BIC weight

Brownian motion

39.4336 ± 0.0346

0.2378 ± 0.0008

–

0.5007 ± 0.0021

Brownian motion + λ

39.8941 ± 0.0268

0.1785 ± 0.0011

0.9336 ± 0.0025

0.1627 ± 0.0023

Brownian motion + κ

39.70835 ± 0.0271

0.1142 ± 0.0018

0.8306 ± 0.0038

0.1280 ± 0.0010

Brownian motion + δ

39.49939 ± 0.0346

0.2514 ± 0.0024

1.0550 ± 0.0087

0.1030 ± 0.0005

Appendix 3

Reconstruction of ancestral 2C-values (in pg) using unordered maximum parsimony for continuous characters for nodes a–f (Fig. 3)

Node

Ancestral character state

a

1.4069

b

1.4249

c

1.4432

d

1.4683

e

1.2658

f

1.4164

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Andrés-Sánchez, S., Temsch, E.M., Rico, E. et al. Genome size in Filago L. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) and related genera: phylogenetic, evolutionary and ecological implications. Plant Syst Evol 299, 331–345 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0724-3

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