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Water compatible molecularly imprinted nanoparticles as a restricted access material for extraction of hippuric acid, a biological indicator of toluene exposure, from human urine

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Abstract

The authors describe the preparation of molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MINPs) for the solid phase extraction of hippuric acid (HA). The MINPs consists of a water-compatible organic-inorganic silica composite which was obtained from a functionalized silica by the sol-gel method. HA acted as the template, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane as the functional monomer, and tetraethoxysilane as the crosslinker. Subsequently, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was used as a coupling agent to deposit a hydrophilic acrylamide coating onto the surface of the MINPs. The morphology and structure of the resulting restricted access material (referred to as RAM-MINP) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Solid phase extraction of HA was accomplished by passing urine samples through a RAM-MINP-packed SPE cartridge. Following elution, HA was quantified by HPLC using UV detection at 228 nm. The effects of sample pH, amount of sorbent and eluent and washing solvent volumes were optimized by experimental design methodology under response surface methodology. Under optimized conditions, the mean extraction efficiency of HA from spiked samples is adequately repeatable, with relative standard deviations of <6.1%. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.15 and 0.25 μg.L−1, respectively.

Schematic of the the preparation of molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MINP) for the solid phase extraction of hippuric acid (HA). Solid phase extraction of HA was accomplished by passing urine samples through a RAM-MINP-packed SPE cartridge. After solid phase extraction and elution, HA was quantified by HPLC using UV detection at 228 nm.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their appreciation to the Graduate School and Research Council of Yasouj University for their financial support of this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 75918-74831, Iran

    Maryam Arabi & Mehrorang Ghaedi

  2. Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

    Abbas Ostovan

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  1. Maryam Arabi
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  2. Mehrorang Ghaedi
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  3. Abbas Ostovan
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Correspondence to Mehrorang Ghaedi.

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Arabi, M., Ghaedi, M. & Ostovan, A. Water compatible molecularly imprinted nanoparticles as a restricted access material for extraction of hippuric acid, a biological indicator of toluene exposure, from human urine. Microchim Acta 184, 879–887 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-016-2063-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-016-2063-5

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