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Numerical Simulation in Rockfall Analysis: A Close Comparison of 2-D and 3-D DDA

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Abstract

Accurate estimation of rockfall trajectory and motion behaviors is essential for rockfall risk assessment and the design and performance evaluation of preventive structures. Numerical simulation using discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) is effective and helpful in rockfall analysis. Up to now, there have been many reports on application of two-dimensional (2-D) DDA programs. In this paper, the major advantages of rockfall analysis using 2-D and extensions to three-dimensional (3-D) analysis are presented. A practical 3-D DDA code is demonstrated to be capable of simulating free falling, rolling, sliding, and bouncing with high accuracy. Because rockfall trajectories and motion behaviors can be described as combinations of these four types, this demonstration indicates that the implemented code is capable of providing reliable rockfall analysis. Finally, specific tests are conducted to compare 2-D and 3-D DDA rockfall analysis in predicting trajectory and dynamic behavior. The results indicate that 3-D DDA simulations are more appropriate for rough tree-laden inclined slopes in providing detailed spatial distribution, whereas 2-D DDA simulations have better efficiency for slopes dominated by valleys and ravines. These results can help in selecting the appropriate DDA simulation for rockfall analysis.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. G. Shi for his great contribution to the DDA development and his diligent work on DDA programming. The program used in this study was extended from his original 3-D DDA code. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 22310113 and the Global Environment Research Found of Japan (S-8). Both financial supports are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are grateful to Prof. Antonio Bobet and the two anonymous reviewers for their critical suggestions and valuable comments.

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  1. Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Kyushu University, 774 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan

    Guangqi Chen, Lu Zheng, Yingbin Zhang & Jian Wu

  2. Institute of Earthquake Science, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China

    Guangqi Chen

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  1. Guangqi Chen
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Correspondence to Lu Zheng.

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Chen, G., Zheng, L., Zhang, Y. et al. Numerical Simulation in Rockfall Analysis: A Close Comparison of 2-D and 3-D DDA. Rock Mech Rock Eng 46, 527–541 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0360-9

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