Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Bone graft substitutes in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

  • Review Article
  • Published:
European Spine Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Anterior cervical discectomy with fusion is a common surgical procedure for patients suffering pain and/or neurological deficits and unresponsive to conservative management. For decades, autologous bone grafted from the iliac crest has been used as a substrate for cervical arthrodesis. However patient dissatisfaction with donor site morbidity has led to the search for alternative techniques. We present a literature review examining the progress of available grafting options as assessed in human clinical trials, considering allograft-based, synthetic, factor- and cell-based technologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agrillo U, Mastronardi L, Puzzilli F (2002) Anterior cervical fusion with carbon fiber cage containing coralline hydroxyapatite: preliminary observations in 45 consecutive cases of soft-disc herniation. J Neurosurg 96:273–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. An HS, Simpson JM, Glover JM, Stephany J (1995) Comparison between allograft plus demineralized bone matrix versus autograft in anterior cervical fusion. A prospective multicenter study. Spine 20:2211–2216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson DG, Albert TJ (2002) Bone grafting, implants, and plating options for anterior cervical fusions. Orthop Clin North Am 33:317–328. doi:10.1016/S0030-5898(01)00011-6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Angevine PD, Zivin JG, McCormick PC (2005) Cost-effectiveness of single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical spondylosis. Spine 30:1989–1997. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000176332.67849.ea

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Attawia M, Kadiyala S, Fitzgerald K, Kraus K, Bruder SP (2003) Cell-based approaches for bone graft substitutes. In: Laurencin CT (ed) bone graft substitutes. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, pp 126–141

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bae HW, Zhao L, Kanim LEA, Wong P, Delamarter RB, Dawson EG (2006) Intervariability and intravariability of bone morphogenetic proteins in commercially available demineralized bone matrix products. Spine 31:1299–1306 (discussion 1307–1298). doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000218581.92992.b7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bailey RW, Badgley CE (1960) Stabilization of the cervical spine by anterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 42:565–594

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Balabhadra RSV, Kim DH, Zhang H (2004) Anterior cervical fusion using dense cancellous allografts and dynamic plating. Neurosurgery 54:1405–1412. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000125543.38952.87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barlocher CB, Barth A, Krauss JK, Binggeli R, Seiler RW (2002) Comparative evaluation of microdiscectomy only, autograft fusion, polymethylmethacrylate interposition, and threaded titanium cage fusion for treatment of single-level cervical disc disease: a prospective randomized study in 125 patients. Neurosurg Focus 12:E4. doi:10.3171/foc.2002.12.1.5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Baskin DS, Ryan P, Sonntag V, Westmark R, Widmayer MA (2003) A prospective, randomized, controlled cervical fusion study using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 with the CORNERSTONE-SR allograft ring and the ATLANTIS anterior cervical plate. Spine 28:1219–1224 (discussion 1225). doi:10.1097/00007632-200306150-00003

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Beaman FD, Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Kransdorf MJ (2006) Bone graft materials and synthetic substitutes. Radiol Clin North Am 44:451–461. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2006.01.001

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Berven S, Tay BKB, Kleinstueck FS, Bradford DS (2001) Clinical applications of bone graft substitutes in spine surgery: consideration of mineralized and demineralized preparations and growth factor supplementation. Eur Spine J 10:S169–S177. doi:10.1007/s005860100270

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bishop RC, Moore KA, Hadley MN (1996) Anterior cervical interbody fusion using autogeneic and allogeneic bone graft substrate: a prospective comparative analysis. J Neurosurg 85:206–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Boakye M, Mummaneni PV, Garrett M, Rodts G, Haid R (2005) Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion involving a polyetheretherketone spacer and bone morphogenetic protein. J Neurosurg Spine 2:521–525

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Boden SD, Zdeblick TA, Sandhu HS, Heim SE (2000) The use of rhBMP-2 in interbody fusion cages. Definitive evidence of osteoinduction in humans: a preliminary report. Spine 25:376–381. doi:10.1097/00007632-200002010-00020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bojescul JA, Polly DW Jr, Kuklo TR, Allen TW, Wieand KE (2005) Backfill for iliac-crest donor sites: a prospective, randomized study of coralline hydroxyapatite. Am J Orthop 34:377–382

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Boker DK, Schultheiss R, Probst EM (1989) Radiologic long-term results after cervical vertebral interbody fusion with polymethyl methacrylat (PMMA). Neurosurg Rev 12:217–221. doi:10.1007/BF01743989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bonaldi G, Baruzzi F, Facchinetti A, Fachinetti P, Lunghi S (2006) Plasma radio-frequency-based diskectomy for treatment of cervical herniated nucleus pulposus: feasibility, safety, and preliminary clinical results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:2104–2111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Boyan BD, McMillan J, Lohmann CH, Ranly DM, Schwartz Z (2003) Bone graft substitutes: basic information for successful clinical use with special focus on synthetic graft substitutes. In: Laurencin CT (ed) Bone graft substitutes. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, pp 231–259

    Google Scholar 

  20. Brown MD, Malinin TI, Davis PB (1976) A roentgenographic evaluation of frozen allografts versus autografts in anterior cervical fusions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 119:231–236

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bruneau M, Nisolle JF, Gilliard C, Gustin T (2001) Anterior cervical interbody fusion with hydroxyapatite graft and plate system. Neurosurg Focus 10:E8. doi:10.3171/foc.2001.10.4.9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Burkus JK, Heim SE, Gornet MF, Zdeblick TA (2003) Is INFUSE bone graft superior to autograft bone? An integrated analysis of clinical trials using the LT-CAGE lumbar tapered fusion device. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:113–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Buttermann GR (2008) Prospective nonrandomized comparison of an allograft with bone morphogenic protein versus an iliac-crest autograft in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine J Off J N Am Spine Soc 8:426–435

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chen J-F, Wu C-T, Lee S-C, Lee S-T (2005) Use of a polymethylmethacrylate cervical cage in the treatment of single-level cervical disc disease. J Neurosurg Spine 3:24–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cho D-Y, Lee W-Y, Sheu P-C, Chen C-C (2005) Cage containing a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic (Triosite) for the treatment of cervical spondylosis. Surg Neurol 63:497–503 (discussion 503–494). doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2004.10.016

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cloward RB (1958) The anterior approach for removal of ruptured cervical disks. J Neurosurg 15:602–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dai L, Jiang L (2008) Anterior cervical fusion with interbody cage containing beta-tricalcium phosphate augmented with plate fixation: a prospective randomized study with 2-year follow-up. Eur Spine J 17:698–705. doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0643-8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Dan NG (1998) Anterior cervical graftless fusion for soft disc protrusion. A review of 509 disc excisions in 476 patients. J Clin Neurosci 5:172–177. doi:10.1016/S0967-5868(98)90033-9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Delloye C, Cornu O, Druez V, Barbier O (2007) Bone allografts: what they can offer and what they cannot. J Bone Joint Surg Br 89:574–579. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.89B5.19039

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Deutsch H, Haid RW, Rodts G, Mummaneni PV (2007) The decision-making process: allograft versus autograft. Neurosurgery 60(Suppl 1):S98–S102. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000249221.50085.AD

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Deyo RA, Nachemson A, Mirza S (2004) Spinal-fusion surgery—the case for restraint. N Engl J Med 350:722–726. doi:10.1056/NEJMsb031771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dickerman RD, Reynolds AS, Morgan BC, Tompkins J, Cattorini J, Bennett M (2007) rh-BMP-2 can be used safely in the cervical spine: dose and containment are the keys!. Spine J Off J N Am Spine Soc 7:508–509 comment

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dorward NL, Malik NN, Illingworth RD (1997) Disintegration of cervical interbody BOP grafts with neurological sequelae: a report of 2 cases. Br J Neurosurg 11:65–68. doi:10.1080/02688699746429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Epstein NE, Hollingsworth R (2003) Does donor site reconstruction following anterior cervical surgery diminish postoperative pain? J Spinal Disord Tech 16:20–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Espersen JO, Buhl M, Eriksen EF, Fode K, Klaerke A, Kroyer L, Lindeberg H, Madsen CB, Strange P, Wohlert L (1984) Treatment of cervical disc disease using Cloward’s technique; 1. General results, effect of different operative methods and complications in 1, 106 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 70:97–114. doi:10.1007/BF01406047

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Feiz-Erfan I, Harrigan M, Sonntag VKH, Harrington TR (2007) Effect of autologous platelet gel on early and late graft fusion in anterior cervical spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine 7:496–502. doi:10.3171/SPI-07/11/496

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fernyhough JC, White JI, LaRocca H (1991) Fusion rates in multilevel cervical spondylosis comparing allograft fibula with autograft fibula in 126 patients. Spine 16:S561–S564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Floyd T, Ohnmeiss D (2000) A meta-analysis of autograft versus allograft. Eur Spine J 9:398–403. doi:10.1007/s005860000160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fraser JF, Hartl R (2007) Anterior approaches to fusion of the cervical spine: a metaanalysis of fusion rates. J Neurosurg Spine 6:298–303. doi:10.3171/spi.2007.6.4.2

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hafez RF, Crockard HA (1997) Failure of osseous conduction with cervical interbody BOP graft. Br J Neurosurg 11:57–59. doi:10.1080/02688699746717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hamburger C, Festenberg FV, Uhl E (2001) Ventral discectomy with pmma interbody fusion for cervical disc disease: long-term results in 249 patients. Spine 26:249–255. doi:10.1097/00007632-200102010-00009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Helm G (2005) Bone graft substitutes for use in spinal fusions. Clin Neurosurg 52:250–255

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hynes JE, Weaver L, Jones RA, Cowie RA, Jackson A (1997) Extrusion of osteoconductive biosynthetic polymer dowels after cervical fusion surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18:792–793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ibanez J, Carreno A, Garcia-Amorena C, Caral J, Gaston F, Ferrer E (1998) Results of the biocompatible osteoconductive polymer (BOP) as an intersomatic graft in anterior cervical surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140:126–133. doi:10.1007/s007010050073

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Jacobs WCH, Anderson PG, Limbeek J, Willems PC, Pavlov P (2004) Single or double-level anterior interbody fusion techniques for cervical degenerative disc disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004958

  46. Jagannathan J, Shaffrey CI, Oskouian RJ, Dumont AS, Herrold C, Sansur CA, Jane JA (2008) Radiographic and clinical outcomes following single-level anterior cervical discectomy and allograft fusion without plate placement or cervical collar. J Neurosurg Spine 8:420–428. doi:10.3171/SPI/2008/8/5/420

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kaiser MG, Haid RW, Subach BR, Barnes B, Rodts GE (2002) Anterior cervical plating enhances arthrodesis after discectomy and fusion with cortical allograft. Neurosurgery 50:229–236. doi:10.1097/00006123-200202000-00001

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Khoueir P, Oh BC, DiRisio DJ, Wang MY (2007) Multilevel anterior cervical fusion using a collagen-hydroxyapatite matrix with iliac crest bone marrow aspirate: an 18-month follow-up study. Neurosurgery 61:963–971

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kim P, Wakai S, Matsuo S, Moriyama T, Kirino T (1998) Bisegmental cervical interbody fusion using hydroxyapatite implants: surgical results and long-term observation in 70 cases. J Neurosurg 88:21–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Koyama T, Handa J (1986) Porous hydroxyapatite ceramics for use in neurosurgical practice. Surg Neurol 25:71–73. doi:10.1016/0090-3019(86)90118-7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lanman TH, Hopkins TJ (2004) Early findings in a pilot study of anterior cervical interbody fusion in which recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 was used with poly(L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide) bioabsorbable implants. Neurosurg Focus 16:E6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lofgren H, Johannsson V, Olsson T, Ryd L, Levander B (2000) Rigid fusion after cloward operation for cervical disc disease using autograft, allograft, or xenograft: a randomized study with radiostereometric and clinical follow-up assessment. Spine 25:1908–1916. doi:10.1097/00007632-200008010-00008

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lozes G, Fawaz A, Cama A, Krivosic I, Devos P, Herlant M, Sertl GO, Clarisse J, Jomin M (1989) Discectomies of the lower cervical spine using interbody biopolymer (B·O.P.) implants. Advantages in the treatment of complicated cervical arthrosis. A review of 150 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 96:88–93. doi:10.1007/BF01456164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ludwig SC, Boden SD (1999) Osteoinductive bone graft substitutes for spinal fusion. Orthop Clin North Am 30:635–645. doi:10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70116-4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Maatz R, Bauermeister A (1957) A method of bone maceration. Results of animal experiments. J Bone Joint Surg Am 39:153–166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Madawi AA, Powell M, Crockard HA (1996) Biocompatible osteoconductive polymer versus iliac graft. A prospective comparative study for the evaluation of fusion pattern after anterior cervical discectomy. Spine 21:2123–2129 (discussion 2129–2130). doi:10.1097/00007632-199609150-00013

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Malca SA, Roche PH, Rosset E, Pellet W (1996) Cervical interbody xenograft with plate fixation: evaluation of fusion after 7 years of use in post-traumatic discoligamentous instability. Spine 21:685–690. doi:10.1097/00007632-199603150-00004

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Martin GJ, Haid RW, MacMillan M, Rodts GE, Berkman R (1999) Anterior cervical discectomy with freeze-dried fibula allograft. Spine 24:852–859. doi:10.1097/00007632-199905010-00004

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. McConnell JR, Freeman BJC, Debnath UK, Grevitt MP, Prince HG, Webb JK (2003) A prospective randomized comparison of coralline hydroxyapatite with autograft in cervical interbody fusion. Spine 28:317–323. doi:10.1097/00007632-200302150-00002

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. McGuire RA, St John K (1994) Comparison of anterior cervical fusions using autogenous bone graft obtained from the cervical vertebrae to the modified Smith-Robinson technique. J Spinal Disord 7:499–503. doi:10.1097/00002517-199412000-00006

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. McLorinan GC, Choudhari KA, Cooke RS (2001) Life threatening complication of biocompatible osteoconductive polymer graft after anterior cervical discectomy. Br J Neurosurg 15:363–365. doi:10.1080/02688690120072559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Mobbs RJ, Rao P, Chandran NK (2007) Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: analysis of surgical outcome with and without plating. J Clin Neurosci 14:639–642. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2006.04.003

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Moore WR, Graves SE, Bain GI (2001) Synthetic bone graft substitutes. ANZ J Surg 71:354–361. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1622.2001.02128.x

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mummaneni PV, Burkus JK, Haid RW, Traynelis VC, Zdeblick TA (2007) Clinical and radiographic analysis of cervical disc arthroplasty compared with allograft fusion: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg Spine 6:198–209. doi:10.3171/spi.2007.6.3.198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Murphy MG, Gado M (1972) Anterior cervical discectomy without interbody bone graft. J Neurosurg 37:71–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Muschler GF, Matsukura Y, Nitto H, Boehm CA, Valdevit AD, Kambic HE, Davros WJ, Easley KA, Powell KA (2005) Selective retention of bone marrow-derived cells to enhance spinal fusion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 242–251. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000149812.32857.8b

  67. Pan H-C, Wang Y-C, Lee C-H, Yang D-Y (2007) Hollow bone cement filled with impacted cancellous bone as a substitute for bone grafts in cervical spine fusion. J Clin Neurosci 14:143–147. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2005.11.049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Papavero L, Zwonitzer R, Burkard I, Klose K, Herrmann H (2002) A composite bone graft substitute for anterior cervical fusion. Spine 27:1037–1043. doi:10.1097/00007632-200205150-00008

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Peelle MW, Rawlins BA, Frelinghuysen P (2007) A novel source of cancellous autograft for ACDF surgery: the manubrium. J Spinal Disord Tech 20:36–41. doi:10.1097/01.bsd.0000211230.89554.5c

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Phillips FM, Bolt PM, He T-C, Haydon RC (2005) Gene therapy for spinal fusion. Spine J Off J N Am Spine Soc 5:250S–258S

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ramani PS, Kalbag RM, Sengupta RP (1975) Cervical spinal interbody fusion with Kiel bone. Br J Surg 62:147–150. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800620217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rawlinson JN (1994) Morbidity after anterior cervical decompression and fusion. The influence of the donor site on recovery, and the results of a trial of surgibone compared to autologous bone. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 131:106–118. doi:10.1007/BF01401460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Resnick DK (2005) Reconstruction of anterior iliac crest after bone graft harvest decreases pain: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Neurosurgery 57:526–529 (discussion 526–529). doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000170558.70876.E3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rhee JM, Patel N, Yoon ST, Franklin B (2007) High graft resorption rates with dense cancellous allograft in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine 32:2980–2984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Robinson RA, Smith GW (1955) Anterolateral cervical disc removal and interbody fusion for cervical disc syndrome. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 96:223–224

    Google Scholar 

  76. Ryu SI, Lim JT, Kim S-M, Paterno J, Willenberg R, Kim DH (2006) Comparison of the biomechanical stability of dense cancellous allograft with tricortical iliac autograft and fibular allograft for cervical interbody fusion.[erratum appears in Eur Spine J. 2006 Sep;15(9):1346 Note: Willenberg, Rafer [added]]. Eur Spine J 15:1339–1345. doi:10.1007/s00586-005-0047-y

  77. Samartzis D, Shen FH, Goldberg EJ, An HS (2005) Is autograft the gold standard in achieving radiographic fusion in one-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with rigid anterior plate fixation. Spine 30:1756–1761. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000172148.86756.ce

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Savolainen S, Usenius JP, Hernesniemi J (1994) Iliac crest versus artificial bone grafts in 250 cervical fusions. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 129:54–57. doi:10.1007/BF01400873

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Savolainen S, Rinne J, Hernesniemi J (1998) A prospective randomized study of anterior single-level cervical disc operations with long-term follow-up: surgical fusion is unnecessary. Neurosurgery 43:51–55. doi:10.1097/00006123-199807000-00032

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Schlosser MJ, Schwarz JP, Awad JN, Antezana DF, Poetscher AW, Yingling J, Long DM, Davis RF (2006) Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with allograft and anterior plating: a report on 219 patients/469 levels with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Neurosurg Q 16:183–186. doi:10.1097/01.wnq.0000214028.77731.f2

    Google Scholar 

  81. Schnee CL, Freese A, Weil RJ, Marcotte PJ (1997) Analysis of harvest morbidity and radiographic outcome using autograft for anterior cervical fusion. Spine 22:2222–2227. doi:10.1097/00007632-199710010-00005

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Seiler JG 3rd, Johnson J (2000) Iliac crest autogenous bone grafting: donor site complications. J South Orthop Assoc 9:91–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Senter HJ, Kortyna R, Kemp WR (1989) Anterior cervical discectomy with hydroxyapatite fusion. Neurosurgery 25:39–43. doi:10.1097/00006123-198907000-00007

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Shields LBE, Raque GH, Glassman SD, Campbell M, Vitaz T, Harpring J, Shields CB (2006) Adverse effects associated with high-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 use in anterior cervical spine fusion. Spine 31:542–547. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000201424.27509.72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Shors EC (2003) The development of corraline porous ceramic bone. In: Laurencin CT (ed) Bone graft substitutes. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, pp 271–288

    Google Scholar 

  86. Silber JS, Anderson DG, Daffner SD, Brislin BT, Leland JM, Hilibrand AS, Vaccaro AR, Albert TJ (2003) Donor site morbidity after anterior iliac crest bone harvest for single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine 28:134–139. doi:10.1097/00007632-200301150-00008

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Simmons EH, Bhalla SK (1969) Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a clinical and biomechanical study with eight years follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br 51:225–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Siqueira EB, Kranzler LI (1982) Cervical Interbody fusion using calf bone. Surg Neurol 18:37–39. doi:10.1016/0090-3019(82)90010-6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Smucker JD, Rhee JM, Singh K, Yoon ST, Heller JG (2006) Increased swelling complications associated with off-label usage of rhBMP-2 in the anterior cervical spine. Spine 31:2813–2819. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000245863.52371.c2

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Sonntag V, Klara P (1996) Controversy in spine care: is fusion necessary after anterior cervical discectomy? Spine 21:1111–1113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Spivak JM, Hasharoni A (2001) Use of hydroxyapatite in spine surgery. Eur Spine J 10(Suppl 2):S197–S204. doi:10.1007/s005860100286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Suchomel P, Barsa P, Buchvald P, Svobodnik A, Vanickova E (2004) Autologous versus allogenic bone grafts in instrumented anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a prospective study with respect to bone union pattern. Eur Spine J 13:510–515. doi:10.1007/s00586-003-0667-z

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Suetsuna F, Yokoyama T, Kenuka E, Harata S (2001) Anterior cervical fusion using porous hydroxyapatite ceramics for cervical disc herniation. a two-year follow-up. Spine J Off J N Am Spine Soc 1:348–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sutter B, Friehs G, Pendl G, Tolly E (1995) Bovine dowels for anterior cervical fusion: experience in 66 patients with a note on postoperative CT and MRI appearance. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 137:192–198. doi:10.1007/BF02187193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Taheri ZE, Gueramy M (1972) Experience with calf bone in cervical interbody spinal fusion. J Neurosurg 36:67–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Thalgott JS, Fritts K, Giuffre JM, Timlin M (1999) Anterior interbody fusion of the cervical spine with coralline hydroxyapatite. Spine 24:1295–1299. doi:10.1097/00007632-199907010-00005

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Thorell W, Cooper J, Hellbusch L, Leibrock L (1998) The long-term clinical outcome of patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy with and without intervertebral bone graft placement. Neurosurgery 43:268–273 (discussion 273–264). doi:10.1097/00006123-199808000-00050

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Tubbs RS, Louis RG Jr, Wartmann CT, Cormier JL, Pearson BE, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Oakes WJ (2008) Use of the clavicle in anterior cervical discectomy/corpectomy fusion procedures: cadaveric feasibility study. Childs Nerv Syst 24:337–341. doi:10.1007/s00381-007-0433-3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Tumialan LM, Pan J, Rodts GE, Mummaneni PV (2008) The safety and efficacy of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with polyetheretherketone spacer and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: a review of 200 patients. J Neurosurg Spine 8:529–535. doi:10.3171/SPI/2008/8/6/529

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Urist MR (1965) Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science 150:893–899. doi:10.1126/science.150.3698.893

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Vaidya R, Carp J, Sethi A, Bartol S, Craig J, Les CM (2007) Complications of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Eur Spine J 16:1257–1265. doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0351-9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Vaidya R, Weir R, Sethi A, Meisterling S, Hakeos W, Wybo CD (2007) Interbody fusion with allograft and rhBMP-2 leads to consistent fusion but early subsidence. J Bone Joint Surg Br 89:342–345. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.89B3.18270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. van den Bent MJ, Oosting J, Wouda EJ, van Acker RE, Ansink BJ, Braakman R (1996) Anterior cervical discectomy with or without fusion with acrylate. A randomized trial. Spine 21:834–839 (discussion 840). doi:10.1097/00007632-199604010-00011

    Google Scholar 

  104. van Limbeek J, Jacobs WCH, Anderson PG, Pavlov PW (2000) A systemic literature review to identify the best method for a single level anterior cervical interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 9:129–136. doi:10.1007/s005860050223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Whitecloud TS 3rd (1999) Modern alternatives and techniques for one-level discectomy and fusion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 67–76. doi:10.1097/00003086-199902000-00008

  106. Wigfield CC, Nelson RJ (2001) Nonautologous interbody fusion materials in cervical spine surgery: how strong is the evidence to justify their use? Spine 26:687–694. doi:10.1097/00007632-200103150-00027

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wittenberg RH, Moeller J, Shea M, White AA, Hayes WC (1990) Compressive strength of autologous and allogenous bone grafts for thoracolumbar and cervical spine fusion. Spine 15:1073–1078. doi:10.1097/00007632-199015100-00017

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wright IP, Eisenstein SM (2007) Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion without instrumentation. Spine 32:772–774. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000258846.86537.ad

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Xie Y, Chopin D, Hardouin P, Lu J (2006) Clinical, radiological and histological study of the failure of cervical interbody fusions with bone substitutes. Eur Spine J 15:1196–1203. doi:10.1007/s00586-005-0052-1

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Yamada S, Heymann D, Bouler JM, Daculsi G (1997) Osteoclastic resorption of calcium phosphate ceramics with different hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate ratios. Biomaterials 18:1037–1041. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00036-7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Yue W-M, Brodner W, Highland TR (2005) Long-term results after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with allograft and plating: a 5- to 11-year radiologic and clinical follow-up study. Spine 30:2138–2144. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000180479.63092.17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Zdeblick TA, Ducker TB (1991) The use of freeze-dried allograft bone for anterior cervical fusions. Spine 16:726–729. doi:10.1097/00007632-199107000-00006

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Zdeblick TA, Ghanayem AJ, Rapoff AJ, Swain C, Bassett T, Cooke ME, Markel M (1998) Cervical interbody fusion cages. An animal model with and without bone morphogenetic protein. Spine 23:758–765 (discussion 766). doi:10.1097/00007632-199804010-00002

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

    Anthony M. T. Chau & Ralph J. Mobbs

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Unit, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Suite 3, Level 7, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia

    Ralph J. Mobbs

Authors
  1. Anthony M. T. Chau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ralph J. Mobbs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ralph J. Mobbs.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chau, A.M.T., Mobbs, R.J. Bone graft substitutes in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Eur Spine J 18, 449–464 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-008-0878-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-008-0878-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation