Abstract
Dolomitization of relatively thick carbonate successions occurs via an effective fluid circulation mechanism, since the replacement process requires a large amount of Mg-rich fluid interacting with the CaCO3 precursor. In the western end of the Neotethys, fault-controlled extensional basins developed during the Late Triassic spreading stage. In the Buda Hills and Danube-East blocks, distinct parts of silica and organic matter-rich slope and basinal deposits are dolomitized. Petrographic, geochemical, and fluid inclusion data distinguished two dolomite types: (1) finely to medium crystalline and (2) medium to coarsely crystalline. They commonly co-occur and show a gradual transition. Both exhibit breccia fabric under microscope. Dolomite texture reveals that the breccia fabric is not inherited from the precursor carbonates but was formed during the dolomitization process and under the influence of repeated seismic shocks. Dolomitization within the slope and basinal succession as well as within the breccia zones of the underlying basement block is interpreted as being related to fluid originated from the detachment zone and channelled along synsedimentary normal faults. The proposed conceptual model of dolomitization suggests that pervasive dolomitization occurred not only within and near the fault zones. Permeable beds have channelled the fluid towards the basin centre where the fluid was capable of partial dolomitization. The fluid inclusion data, compared with vitrinite reflectance and maturation data of organic matter, suggest that the ascending fluid was likely hydrothermal which cooled down via mixing with marine-derived pore fluid. Thermal gradient is considered as a potential driving force for fluid flow.
References
Baker CE, Pawlewicz MJ (1986) The correlation of vitrinite reflectance with maximum temperature in humic organic matter. In: Buntebarth G, Stegena L (eds) Paleogeothermics, evaluation of geothermal conditions in the geological past. Lecture notes in earth sciences, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, pp 79–93
Báldi T (1986) Mid-Tertiary stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest
Benkő K, Fodor L (2002) Structural geology near Csővár, Hungary. Földt Közl 132(2):223–246 (in Hungarian with English absctract)
Bertotti G, Picotti V, Bernoulli D, Castellarin A (1993) From rifting to drifting: tectonic evolution of the South-Alpine upper crust from the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. Sediment Geol 86:53–76
Bethke CM, Marshak S (1990) Brine migrations across North America the plate tectonics of groundwater. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 18:287–315
Bjørlykke K (1994) Fluid-flow processes and diagenesis in sedimentary basins. In: Parnell J (ed) Geofluids: origin, migration and evolution of fluids in sedimentary basins, Special Publications, vol 87. Geological Society, London, pp 127–40
Bjørlykke K (2010) Subsurface water and fluid flow in sedimentary basins. In: Bjørlykke K (ed) Petroleum geoscience, from sedimentary environments to rock physics. Elsevier, Berlin, pp 258–280
Brown PE (1989) FLINCOR: a microcomputer program for the reduction and investigation of fluid-inclusion data. Am Mineral 74(11–12):1390–1393
Burns SJ, Baker PA, Showers WJ (1988) The factors controlling the formation and chemistry of dolomite in organic-rich sediments: Miocene Drakes Bay Formation, California. In: Shukla V, Baker PA (eds) Sedimentology and geochemistry of dolostones, Special Publications, vol 43. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, pp 41–52
Chen Z, Issler DR, Stasiuk LD (2010) An empirical relation between present temperature and vitrinite reflectance for Cenozoic strata of the Beaufort–Mackenzie Basin, Canada. Geological Survey of Canada open file no. 6407, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa
Choquette PW, Hiatt EE (2008) Shallow-burial dolomite cement: a major component of many ancient sucrosic dolomites. Sedimentology 55:423–460
Compton JS (1988) Degree of supersaturation and precipitation of organogenic dolomite. Geology 16:318–321
Conlife J, Azmy K, Gleeson SA, Lavoie D (2010) Fluids associated with hydrothermal dolomitization in St. George Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. Geofluids 10:422–437
Cox SF, Knackstedt MA, Braun J (2001) Principles of structural control on permeability and fluid flow in hydrothermal systems. In: Richards JP, Tosda, RM (eds) Structural controls on ore genesis, Reviews, vol 14. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, pp 1–24
Császár G, Haas J, Jocháné-Edelényi E (1984) A Dunántúli-középhegység bauxitföldtani térképe a kainozoós képződmények elhagyásával, M = 1:100 000. MÁFI, Budapest
Davies GR, Smith LB Jr (2006) Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs facies: an overview. AAPG Bull 90:1641–1690
Detre Cs, Dosztály L, Herman V (1988) The Upper Norian (Sevatian) fauna of Csővár. Ann Rep Hung Geol Inst 1986:53–67 (in Hungarian)
Dickson JAD (1966) Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining. J Sediment Petrol 36:491–505
Esteban M, Budai T, Juhász E, Lapointe Ph (2009) Alteration of Triassic carbonates in the Buda Mountains—a hydrothermal model. Cent Eur Geol 52(1):1–29
Fodor L, Magyari Á, Fogaras A, Palotás K (1994) Tertiary tectonics and Late Paleogene sedimentation in the Buda Hills, Hungary. A new interpretation of the Buda Line. Földt Közl 124(2):129–305
Fodor L, Csontos L, Bada G, Győrfi I, Benkovics L (1999) Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Pannonian Basin system and neighbouring orogenesis: a new synthesis of palaeostress data. In: Durand B, Jolivet L, Horváth F, Séranne M (eds) The Mediterranean Basins: tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen, Special Publications, vol 156. Geological Society, London, pp 295–334
Folk RL (1962) Spectral subdivision of limestone types. In: Ham WE (ed) Classification of carbonate rocks, vol 1. AAPG Memoir, Tulsa, pp 62–84
Fossen H (2011) Structural geology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Frost EL III, Budd DA, Kerans C (2012) Syndepositional deformation in a high-relief carbonate platform and its effect on early fluid-flow as revealed by dolomite patterns. J Sediment Res 82:913–932
Gale L (2010) Microfacies analysis of the Upper Triassic (Norian) “Bača Dolomite”: early evolution of the western Slovenian Basin (eastern Southern Alps, western Slovenia). Geol Carpath 61(4):293–308
Goldstein RH, Reynolds TJ (1994) Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals, short course no. 31. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa
Győri O, Poros Zs, Mindszenty A, Molnár F, Fodor L, Szabó R (2011) Diagenetic history of the Palaeogene carbonates, Buda Hills, Hungary. Földt Közl 141(4):341–361 (in Hungarian with English summary)
Haas J (1994) Carnian basin evolution in the Transdanubian Central Range, Hungary. Zbl Geol Paläont 11(12):1233–1252
Haas J (2002) Origin and evolution of Late Triassic backplatform and intraplatform basins in the Transdanubian Range, Hungary. Geol Carpath 53(3):159–178
Haas J, Budai T (1995) Upper Permian-Triassic facies zones in the Transdanubian Range. Riv Ital Paleont Stratigr 101(3):249–266
Haas J, Kovács S, Krystyn L, Lein R (1995) Significance of Late Permian-Triassic facies zones in terrain reconstruction in the Alpine-North Pannonian domain. Tectonophysics 242:19–40
Haas J, Tardi-Filácz E, Oravecz-Scheffer A, Góczán F, Dosztály L (1997a) Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Upper Triassic toe-of-slope and basin succession at Csővár, North Hungary. Acta Geol Hung 40(2):111–177
Haas J, Tardi-Filácz E, Góczán F, Oravecz-Scheffer A (1997b) Cretaceous insertations in Triassic(?) dolomites at Csővár, North Hungary. Acta Geol Hung 40(2):179–196
Haas J, Korpás L, Török Á, Dosztály L, Góczán F, Hámor-Vidó M, Oravecz-Scheffer A, Tardi-Filácz E (2000) Upper Triassic basin and slope facies in the Buda Mts.—based on study of core drilling Vérhalom tér, Budapest. Földt Közl 103(3):371–421 (in Hungarian with English summary)
Haas J, Götz AE, Pálfy J (2010) Late Triassic to early Jurassic paleogeography and eustatic history in the NW Tethyan realm: new insights from sedimentary and organic facies of the Csővár Basin (Hungary). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 291:456–468
Haeri-Ardakani O, Al-Aasm I, Coniglio M (2013) Fracture mineralization and fluid flow evolution: an example from Ordovician–Devonian carbonates, southwestern Ontario, Canada. Geofluids 13:1–20
Hámor-Vidó M, Hufnagel H, Hetényi M (1998) Organic petrology and rock-eval pyrolysis of Triassic source rocks from the Transdanubian region Hungary, first description of organic constituents in sedimentary matter. In: 49th annual meeting of ICCP, Porto Portugal, abstracts book, 59 pp
Hesse R (1990) Origin of chert: diagenesis of biogenic siliceous sediments. In: Mcllreath IA, Morrow DW (eds) Diagenesis, reprint series no. 15. Geoscience Canada, Ottawa/Ontario, pp 171–192
Hetényi M, Sajgó Cs, Vető I, Brukner-Wein A, Zs Szántó (2004) Organic matter in a low productivity anoxic intraplatform basin in the Triassic Tethys. Org Geochem 35:1201–1219
Hips K, Haas J, Poros Zs, Kele S, Budai T (2015) Dolomitization of Triassic microbial mat deposits (Hungary): Origin of microcrystalline dolomite. Sediment Geol 318:113–129
Hofmann K (1871) A Buda–Kovácsi hegység földtani viszonyai. MÁFI Évk 1:1–61
Hunt JM (1996) Petroleum geochemistry and geology, 2nd edn. W.H. Freeman, New York
Karádi V, Kozur HW (2013) Stratigraphically important Lower Norian conodonts from the Csővár borehole (Csv-1), Hungary—comparison with the conodonts succession of the Norian GSSP candidate Pizzo Mondello (Sicily, Italy). In: Tanner LH, Spielmann JA, Lucas SG (eds) The Triassic system, vol 61. Bulletin of New Mexico Museum Natural History Science, Albuquerque, pp 284–295
Kleb B, Benkovics L, Gálos M, Kertész P, Kocsányi-Kopecskó K, Marek I, Török Á (1993) Engineering geological survey of Rózsadomb area, Budapest, Hungary. Period Polytech Civ Eng 37:261–303
Kozur H, Mock R (1991) New Middle Carnian and Rhaetian Conodonts from Hungary and the Alps. Stratigraphic importance and tectonic implications for the Buda Mountains and adjacent areas. Jb Geol B-A 134(2):271–297
Kozur H, Mostler H (1973) Mikrofaunistische Untersuchungen der Triasschollen im Raume Csővár, Ungarn. Verh Geol B-A 2:291–325
Land LS (1983) The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of clastic sediments. In: Arthur MA, Anderson TF, Kaplan IR, Veizer J, Land LS (eds) Stable isotopes in sedimentary geology, short course no. 10. Society of Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, pp 4.1–4.22
Land LS (1985) The origin of massive dolomite. J Geol Educ 33:112–125
Lavoie D, Chi G (2010) Lower Paleozoic foreland basins in eastern Canada: tectono-thermal events recorded by faults, fluids and hydrothermal dolomites. Bull Can Petrol Geol 58(1):17–35
Lo HB (1993) Correction criteria for the suppression of vitrinite reflectance in hydrogen-rich kerogens: preliminary guidelines. Org Geochem 20:653–657
Machel HG (2004) Concepts and models of dolomitization: a critical reappraisal. In: Braithwaite CJR, Rizzi G, Darke G (eds) The geometry and petrogenesis of dolomite hydrocarbon reservoirs, Special Publications, vol 235. Geological Society, London, pp 7–63
Machel H, Lonnee J (2002) Hydrothermal dolomite—a product of poor definition and imagination. Sediment Geol 152:163–171
Mazullo SJ (2000) Organogenic dolomitization in peritidal to deep-sea sediments. J Sediment Res 70(1):10–23
Meister P, McKenzie JA, Vasconcelos C, Bernasconi S, Frank M, Gutjahr M, Schrag DP (2007) Dolomite formation in the dynamic deep biosphere: results from the Peru Margin. Sedimentology 54:1007–1031
Morrow DW (1990) Dolomite—part 2: dolomitization models and ancient dolostones. In: McIlreath IA, Morrow DW (eds) Diagenesis, reprint series no. 4. Geoscience Canada, Ottawa/Ontario, pp 125–139
Muir-Wood R (1994) Earthquakes, strain-cycling and mobilization of fluids. In: Parnell J (ed) Geofluids: origin, migration and evolution of fluids in sedimentary basins, Special Publications, vol 78. Geological Society, London, pp 85–98
Muir-Wood R, King GCP (1993) Hydrological signatures of earthquake strain. J Geophys Res 98(B12):22035–22068
Oliver J (1986) Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts: their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena. Geology 14:99–102
Oravecz J (1963) Stratigraphic and facies problems of the Upper Triassic formations in the Transdanubian Range. Földt Közl 93(1):63–73
Poros Zs, Mindszenty A, Molnár F, Pironon J, Győri O, Ronchi P, Szekeres Z (2012) Imprints of hydrocarbon-bearing basinal fluids on a karst system: mineralogical and fluid inclusion studies from the Buda Hills, Hungary. Int J Earth Sci 101:429–452
Qing H, Mountjoy EW (1992) Large-scale fluid flow int he Middle Devonian Presqu’ile barrier, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Geology 20:903–906
Qing H, Mountjoy EW (1994) Formation of coarsely crystalline, hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs int he Presqu’ile barrier, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. AAPG Bull 78:55–77
Radke BM, Mathis RL (1980) On the formation and occurrence of saddle dolomite. J Sediment Petrol 50(4):1149–1168
Riding R (2000) Microbial carbonates: the geological records of calcified bacterial–algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology 47(Suppl 1):179–214
Ronchi P, Masetti D, Tassan S, Camocino D (2012) Hydrothermal dolomitization in platform and basin successions during thrusting: a hydrocarbon reservoir analogue (Mesozoic of Venetian Southern Alps, Italy). Mar Petrol Geol 29:68–89
Rosenbaum J, Sheppard SMF (1986) An isotopic study of siderites, dolomites and ankerites at high temperatures. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 50:1147–1150
Rožič B, Kolar-Jurkovšek T, Šmuc A (2009) Late Triassic sedimentary evolution of Slovenian Basin (eastern Southern Alps): description and correlation of the Slatnik Formation. Facies 55(1):137–155
Sasvári Á (2009) Middle Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) shortening and tectonic burial of Gerecse Mountains, Transdanubian Range, Hungary. Dissertation, Eötvös University, Budapest
Smith LB Jr, Davies GR (2006) Structurally controlled hydrothermal alteration of carbonate reservoirs: introduction. AAPG Bull 90:1635–1640
Spötl C, Vennemann TW (2003) Continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of carbonate minerals. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:1004–1006
Twiss RJ, Moores EM (2007) Structural geology, 2nd edn. W.H. Freeman, New York
Wein Gy (1977) A Budai-hegység tektonikája (Tectonics of the Buda Hills). Hungarian Geological Institute Special Publication, Budapest (in Hungarian)
Wernicke B, Burchfiel BC (1982) Modes of extensional tectonics. J Struct Geol 4:104–115
Wilson MEJ, Evans MJ, Oxtoby NH, Satria Nas D, Donelly T, Thirlwall M (2007) Reservoir quality, textural evolution, and origin of fault-associated dolomites. AAPG Bull 91:1342–1344
Acknowledgments
We thank Sándor Kele for geochemical measurements, Zsófia Poros and Bernadett Bajnóczi for the CL study, and Csaba Péró and Pál Pelikán for technical assistance. We are grateful to Mária Vidó and István Vető for their help in interpretation of organic matter data, and László Fodor for stimulating discussions on the structural evolution of the areas studied. We are very grateful to Henry Lieberman for grammatical corrections. We are thankful to journal reviewers, Paola Ronchi and Nereo Preto, for valuable comments and corrections. Kinga Hips is a grantee of the Bolyai János Scholarship. Funding for this project was provided by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, Grant No. K 81296.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hips, K., Haas, J. & Győri, O. Hydrothermal dolomitization of basinal deposits controlled by a synsedimentary fault system in Triassic extensional setting, Hungary. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 105, 1215–1231 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1237-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1237-4