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Constraints regarding gold deposition in episyenites: the Permian episyenites associated with the Villalcampo Shear Zone, central western Spain

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Abstract

The Villalcampo Shear Zone (around 307 Ma) shows second-order shear zones (420–390 °C) with gold ore bodies hosted by episyenites, which consist of albite episyenites (albitites) and albite-Kfs episyenites, both types with different contents in sulphides and gold. Mass transfer modelling supports higher fluid/rock ratios in albitites than in albite-Kfs episyenites. The study of worldwide barren and gold-bearing episyenites reveals abundant sulphides in the latter as a distinguishing feature. The electrochemical processes at the surface of sulphide would have enhanced gold precipitation, sulphides working as a gold trap. A complex fluid history occurred in gold ore bodies hosted by episyenites, although in essence, it was similar to quartz-sealed faults hosting late Variscan gold deposits: (a) an early fluid equilibrated with the metamorphic pile with sulphides or with a metamorphic fingerprint, resulted in a sulphide deposition and (b) a shallower fluid reservoir of meteoric origin provided gold deposition. In contrast to earlier claims regarding episyenite fluid flow, a down temperature and probably an upwards fluid flow are proposed for the episyenitization process, also in keeping with the early stages of fluid flow in quartz-sealed faults. Fluid inclusions in albite confirm that the striking coupled quartz leaching albitization processes occurred around 400 °C and 60 MPa, crosscutting the retrograde solubility field of silica and yielding a vuggy rock. Initially, albite, and later quartz and sulphide, filled the vugs from the same or a very similar fluid. Uraninites deposited during the albitization and probably the onset of the sulphide deposition afforded the same age (270 ± 12 Ma) as other Spanish episyenites, confirming a synchronous and a regional-scale process and ruling out a relationship with the granite cooling history (324 ± 11 Ma).

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported financially by research projects 1FD97-0235-FEDER and Ref.SA015A06. The authors are grateful to the Regional Government of Castilla y León for putting the complete set of drill holes at their disposal for this study. The authors wish to thank to Miguel Ángel Fernández for access to the electronic microprobe facilities at the University of Oviedo. We are also indebted to Emilio González-Clavijo (IGME) for his comments about the Villalcampo Shear Zone and to Gabriel Gutiérrez-Alonso (University of Salamanca) for providing U–Pb ages of zircons from the Ricobayo granite. We gratefully appreciate careful and detailed reviews by Philippe Boulvais (Rennes) and Lutz Hecht (München).

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  1. Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos s/n, 37008, Salamanca, Spain

    Francisco Javier López-Moro, María Candelas Moro & María Luisa Cembranos

  2. CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 22, 28004, Madrid, Spain

    Juan Cózar

  3. Dpto. de Investigación en Recursos Geológicos, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Unidad de Salamanca, C/Azafranal 48, 1º A, 37001, Salamanca, Spain

    Susana María Timón

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López-Moro, F.J., Moro, M.C., Timón, S.M. et al. Constraints regarding gold deposition in episyenites: the Permian episyenites associated with the Villalcampo Shear Zone, central western Spain. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 102, 721–744 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0844-6

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