Abstract
An experiment was conducted in the Free Air Ozone and Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FAOCE) facility to study the impact of elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction on chickpea crop (cv. Pusa-5023) in terms of phenology, biophysical parameters, yield components, radiation interception and use efficiency. The crop was exposed to elevated O3 (EO:60ppb), CO2 (EC:550 ppm) and their combined interactive treatment (ECO: EC+EO) during the entire growing season. Results revealed that the crop’s total growth period was shortened by 10, 14 and 17 days under elevated CO2, elevated O3 and the combined treatment, respectively. Compared to ambient condition, the leaf area index (LAI) under elevated CO2 was higher by 4 to 28%, whilst it is reduced by 7.3 to 23.8% under elevated O3. The yield based radiation use efficiency (RUEy) was highest under elevated CO2 (0.48 g MJ−1), followed by combined (0.41 g MJ−1), ambient (0.38 g MJ−1) and elevated O3 (0.32 g MJ−1) treatments. Elevated O3 decreased RUEy by 15.78% over ambient, and the interaction results in a 7.8% higher RUEy. The yield was 31.7% more under elevated CO2 and 21.9% lower in elevated O3 treatment as compared to the ambient. The combined interactive treatment recorded a higher yield as compared to ambient by 9.7%. Harvest index (HI) was lowest under elevated O3 (36.10%), followed by ambient (39.18%), combined (40.81%), and highest was under elevated CO2 (44.18%). Chickpea showed a positive response to elevated CO2 resulting a 5% increase in HI as compared to ambient condition. Our findings quantified the positive and negative impacts of elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction on chickpea and revealed that the negative impacts of elevated O3 can be compensated by elevated CO2 in chickpea. This work promotes the understanding of crop behaviour under elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction, which can be used as valuable inputs for radiation-based crop simulation models to simulate climate change impact on chickpea crop.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
AbdElgawad H, Farfan-Vignolo ER, de Vos D, Asard H (2015) Elevated CO2 mitigates drought and temperature-induced oxidative stress differently in grasses and legumes. Plant Sci 231:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.11.001
AbdElgawad H, Zinta G, Beemster GTS, Janssens IA, Asard H (2016) Future climate CO2 levels mitigate stress impact on plants: increased defense or decreased challenge? Front Plant Sci 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00556
Ainsworth EA (2017) Understanding and improving global crop response to ozone pollution. Plant J 90:886–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13298
Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2005) What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. New Phytol 165:351–372
Ainsworth EA, Davey PA, Bernacchi CJ, Dermody OC, Heaton EA, Moore DJ, Morgan PB, Naidu SL, Yoo Ra HS, Zhu XG, Curtis PS, Long SP (2002) A meta-analysis of elevated [CO2] effects on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, growth and yield. Glob Chang Biol 8:695–709. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00498.x
Ainsworth EA, Lemonnier P, Wedow JM (2020) The influence of rising tropospheric carbon dioxide and ozone on plant productivity. Plant Biol 22:5–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12973
Ashmore MR (2005) Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation. Plant Cell Environ 28:949–964
Barnes JD, Pfirrmann T (1992) The influence of CO2 and O3, singly and in combination, on gas exchange, growth and nutrient status of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). New Phytol 121:403–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb02940.x
Bat-Oyun T, Shinoda M, Tsubo M (2012) Effects of water and temperature stresses on radiation use efficiency in a semi-arid grassland. J Plant Interact 7:214–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2011.564736
Beech DF, Leach GJ (1988) Response of chickpea accessions to row spacing and plant density on a vertisol on the Darling Downs, South-Eastern Queensland. 1. Dry matter production and seed yield. Aust J Exp Agric 28:367–376. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA9880367
Bhatia A, Tomer R, Kumar V et al (2012) Impact of tropospheric ozone on crop growth and productivity - a review. J Sci Ind Res 71:97–112
Bhatia A, Kumar V, Kumar A et al (2013) Effect of elevated ozone and carbon dioxide interaction on growth and yield of maize. Maydica 58:291–298
Bhatia A, Mina U, Kumar V, Tomer R, Kumar A, Chakrabarti B, Singh RN, Singh B (2021) Effect of elevated ozone and carbon dioxide interaction on growth, yield, nutrient content and wilt disease severity in chickpea grown in Northern India. Heliyon 7:e06049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06049
Bindi M, Hacour A, Vandermeiren K, Craigon J, Ojanperä K, Selldén G, Högy P, Finnan J, Fibbi L (2002) Chlorophyll concentration of potatoes grown under elevated carbon dioxide and/or ozone concentrations. Eur J Agron 17:319–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00069-2
Booker FL, Fiscus EL, Miller JE (2004) Combined effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone on soybean whole-plant water use. Environ Manag 33:S355–S362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9144-z
Brekke B, Edwards J, Knapp A (2011) Selection and adaptation to high plant density in the Iowa stiff stalk synthetic maize (Zea mays L.) population. Crop Sci 51:1965–1972. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2010.09.0563
Brodrick R, Bange MP, Milroy SP, Hammer GL (2013) Physiological determinants of high yielding ultra-narrow row cotton: canopy development and radiation use efficiency. F Crop Res 148:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.05.008
Burkey KO, Carter TE (2009) Foliar resistance to ozone injury in the genetic base of U.S. and Canadian soybean and prediction of resistance in descendent cultivars using coefficient of parentage.
Cardoso-Vilhena J, Balaguer L, Eamus D, Ollerenshaw J, Barnes J (2004) Mechanisms underlying the amelioration of O3-induced damage by elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2. J Exp Bot 55:771–781. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh080
Centritto M, Lucas ME, Jarvis PG (2002) Gas exchange, biomass, whole-plant water-use efficiency and water uptake of peach (Prunus persica) seedlings in response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration and water availability. Tree Physiol 22:699–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.10.699
Challinor AJ, Watson J, Lobell DB, Howden SM, Smith DR, Chhetri N (2014) A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation. Nat Clim Chang 4:287–291. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2153
Chater C, Peng K, Movahedi M et al (2015) Elevated CO2-induced responses in stomata require ABA and ABA signaling. Curr Biol 25:2709–2716. Crop Res 111:207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.013,10.1016/j.fcr.2008.12.005
Cure JD, Acock B (1986) Crop responses to carbon dioxide doubling: a literature survey. Agric For Meteorol 38:127–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(86)90054-7
Daripa A, Bhatia A, Ojha S, Tomer R, Chattaraj S, Singh KP, Singh SD (2016) Chemical and natural plant extract in ameliorating negative impact of tropospheric ozone on wheat crop: a case study in a part of semiarid North West India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 16:1742–1756. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.10.0263
De Costa WAJM, Weerakoon WMW, Herath HMLK et al (2006) Physiology of yield determination of rice under elevated carbon dioxide at high temperatures in a subhumid tropical climate. F Crop Res 96:336–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.08.002
De la Mata L, De la Haba P, Alamillo JM et al (2013) Elevated CO2 concentrations alter nitrogen metabolism and accelerate senescence in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. Plant Soil Environ 59:303–308. https://doi.org/10.17221/70/2013-pse
Dermody O, Long SP, DeLucia EH (2006) How does elevated CO2 or ozone affect the leaf-area index of soybean when applied independently? New Phytol 169:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01565.x
Dermody O, Long SP, Mcconnaughay K, DeLucia EH (2008) How do elevated CO2 and O3 affect the interception and utilization of radiation by a soybean canopy? Glob Chang Biol 14:556–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01502.x
Drewry DT, Kumar P, Long S et al (2010) Ecohydrological responses of dense canopies to environmental variability: 2. Role of acclimation under elevated CO2. J Geophys Res 115:G04023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001341
FAOSTAT (2010) Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unite Nations. Rome, Italy. http://faostat.external.fao.org/. Accessed 17 April 2018
Cai C, Yin X, He S, et al (2016) Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments. Glob Chang Biol 22:856–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13065
Feng Z, Kobayashi K, Ainsworth EA (2008) Impact of elevated ozone concentration on growth, physiology, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): a meta-analysis. Glob Chang Biol 14:2696–2708. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01673.x
Feng Z, Pang J, Kobayashi K et al (2011) Differential responses in two varieties of winter wheat to elevated ozone concentration under fully open-air field conditions. Glob Chang Biol 17:580–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02184.x
Ferris R, Sabatti M, Miglietta F, Mills RF, Taylor G (2001) Leaf area is stimulated in Populus by free air CO2 enrichment (POPFACE), through increased cell expansion and production. Plant Cell Environ 24:305–315. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00684.x
Ghosh A, Pandey AK, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB (2020) Assessment of growth, physiological, and yield attributes of wheat cultivar HD 2967 under elevated ozone exposure adopting timely and delayed sowing conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:17205–17220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08325-y
Gillespie KM, Rogers A, Ainsworth EA (2011) Growth at elevated ozone or elevated carbon dioxide concentration alters antioxidant capacity and response to acute oxidative stress in soybean (Glycine max). J Exp Bot 62:2667–2678. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq435
Hacour A, Craigon J, Vandermeiren K, Ojanperä K, Pleijel H, Danielsson H, Högy P, Finnan J, Bindi M (2002) CO2 and ozone effects on canopy development of potato crops across Europe. Eur J Agron 17:257–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00065-5
Hirose T, Ackerly DD, Traw MB, Bazzaz FA (1996) Effects of CO2 elevation on canopy development in the stands of two co-occurring annuals. Oecologia 108:215–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334644
Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Kitao M, Häberle KH, Grams TEE, Koike T, Matyssek R (2015) Ozone induces stomatal narrowing in European and Siebold’s beeches: a comparison between two experiments of free-air ozone exposure. Environ Pollut 196:527–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.034
Hughes G, Keatinge JDH, Cooper PJM, Dee NF (1987) Solar radiation interception and utilization by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crops in northern Syria. J Agric Sci 108:419–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600079454
Hui D, Luo Y, Cheng W, Coleman JS, Johnson DW, Sims DA (2001) Canopy radiation- and water-use efficiencies as affected by elevated [CO2]. Glob Chang Biol 7:75–91. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00391.x
ICRISAT 2015 http://www.icrisat.org/what-we-do/crops/ChickPea/Chickpea.htm
IPCC (2007) In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M.M.B., Miller, H.L., Chen, Z. (Eds.), Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014–impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: regional aspects. Cambridge University Press
Jaggard KW, Qi A, Ober ES (2010) Possible changes to arable crop yields by 2050. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 365:2835–2851. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0153
Jahansooz MR, Yunusa IAM, Coventry DR, Palmer AR, Eamus D (2007) Radiation- and water-use associated with growth and yields of wheat and chickpea in sole and mixed crops. Eur J Agron 26:275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.10.008
Kang S, Zhang F, Hu X, Zhang J (2002) Benefits of CO2 enrichment on crop plants are modified by soil water status. Plant Soil 238:69–77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014244413067
Kim HY, Lieffering M, Miura S, Kobayashi K, Okada M (2001) Growth and nitrogen uptake of CO2-enriched rice under field conditions. New Phytol 150:223–229. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00111.x
Kim HY, Lieffering M, Kobayashi K, Okada M, Mitchell MW, Gumpertz M (2003) Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply on the yield of temperate paddy rice crops. F Crop Res 83:261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00076-5
Kimball BA (2016) Crop responses to elevated CO2 and interactions with H2O, N, and temperature. Curr Opin Plant Biol 31:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.006
Kimball BA, Mauney JR, Nakayama FS, Idso SB (1993) Effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on vegetation. In: CO2 and biosphere. Springer Netherlands 65–76
Kumari S, Agrawal M, Tiwari S (2013) Impact of elevated CO2 and elevated O3 on Beta vulgaris L.: pigments, metabolites, antioxidants, growth and yield. Environ Pollut 174:279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.021
Kumari S, Agrawal M, Singh A (2015) Effects of ambient and elevated CO2 and ozone on physiological characteristics, antioxidative defense system and metabolites of potato in relation to ozone flux. Environ Exp Bot 109:276–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.06.015
Leisner CP, Ainsworth EA (2012) Quantifying the effects of ozone on plant reproductive growth and development. Glob Chang Biol 18:606–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02535.x
Leport L, Turner NC, French RJ, Barr MD, Duda R, Davies SL, Tennant D, Siddique KHM (1999) Physiological responses of chickpea genotypes to terminal drought in a Mediterranean-type environment. Eur J Agron 11:279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(99)00039-8
Li F, Kang S, Zhang J, Cohen S (2003) Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment, water status and applied nitrogen on water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies of wheat. Plant Soil 254:279–289. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025521701732
Li X, Han S, Guo Z, Shao D, Xin L (2010) Changes in soil microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities under elevated CO2 affect fine root decomposition processes in a Mongolian oak ecosystem. Soil Biol Biochem 42:1101–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.03.007
Magliulo V, Bindi M, Rana G (2003) Water use of irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown under free air carbon dioxide enrichment in central Italy. Agric Ecosyst Environ 97:65–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00135-X
Manderscheid R, Burkart S, Bramm A, Weigel HJ (2003) Effect of CO2 enrichment on growth and daily radiation use efficiency of wheat in relation to temperature and growth stage. Eur J Agron 19:411–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00133-8
Manderscheid R, Pacholski A, Frühauf C, Weigel HJ (2009) Effects of free air carbon dioxide enrichment and nitrogen supply on growth and yield of winter barley cultivated in a crop rotation. F Crop Res 110:185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.002
McGrath JM, Betzelberger AM, Wang S et al (2015) An analysis of ozone damage to historical maize and soybean yields in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112:14390–14395. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509777112
Millán T, Madrid E, Cubero JI, et al (2015) Chickpea. In: Grain legumes. Springer New York 85–109
Miller A, Tsai CH, Hemphill D, Endres M, Rodermel S, Spalding M (1997) Elevated CO2 effects during leaf ontogeny: a new perspective on acclimation. Plant Physiol 115:1195–1200. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.115.3.1195
Mishra AK, Rai R, Agrawal SB (2013) Individual and interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on tropical wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with special emphasis on ROS generation and activation of antioxidant defence system. Indian J Biochem Biophys 50:139–149
Monks PS, Archibald AT, Colette A, Cooper O, Coyle M, Derwent R, Fowler D, Granier C, Law KS, Mills GE, Stevenson DS, Tarasova O, Thouret V, von Schneidemesser E, Sommariva R, Wild O, Williams ML (2015) Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer. Atmos Chem Phys 15:8889–8973. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8889-2015
Monteith JL (1981) Does light limit crop production?. Proceedings-Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham DOES LIGHT LIMIT CROP PRODUCTION?
Morgan PB, Bollero GA, Nelson RL, Dohleman FG, Long SP (2005) Smaller than predicted increase in above-ground net primary production and yield of field-grown soybean under fully open-air [CO2] elevation. Glob Chang Biol 11:1856–1865. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001017.x
Mulholland BJ, Craigon J, Black CR, Colls JJ, Atherton J, Landon G (1998) Growth, light interception and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under elevated CO2 and O3 in open-top chambers. Glob Chang Biol 4:121–130. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00112.x
Ojanpera K, Patsikka E, Ylaranta T (1998) Effects of low ozone exposure of spring wheat on net CO2 uptake, Rubisco, leaf senescence and grain filling. New Phytol 138:451–460. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00120.x
Palta JA, Ludwig C (2000) Elevated CO2 during pod filling increased seed yield but not harvest index in indeterminate narrow-leafed lupin. Aust J Agric Res 51:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR99099
Phothi R, Umponstira C, Sarin C et al (2016) Combining effects of ozone and carbon dioxide application on photosynthesis of Thai jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Khao Dawk Mali 105. 591. AJCS 10:591–597. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.04.p7595x
Rao MV, Hale BA, Ormrod DP (1995) Amelioration of ozone-induced oxidative damage in wheat plants grown under high carbon dioxide. Role of antioxidant enzymes. Plant Physiol 109:421–432. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.2.421
Reddy AR, Rasineni GK, Raghavendra AS (2010) The impact of global elevated CO2 concentration on photosynthesis and plant productivity. Curr Sci 99:46–57
Robertson MJ, Silim S, Chauhan YS, Ranganathan R (2001) Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: biomass accumulation and partitioning. F Crop Res 70:89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00125-3
Rudorff BFT, Mulchi CL, Daughtry CST, Lee EH (1996) Growth, radiation use efficiency, and canopy reflectance of wheat and corn grown under elevated ozone and carbon dioxide atmospheres. Remote Sens Environ 55:163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(95)00208-1
Sadras VO (1996) Cotton responses to simulated insect damage: radiation-use efficiency, canopy architecture and leaf nitrogen content as affected by loss of reproductive organs. F Crop Res 48:199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(96)00046-9
Sah S, Singh RN, Nain AS (2019) Impact of different dates of sowing and irrigation levels on chickpea nodulation. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 8:705–714. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.811.085
Saha S, Sehgal VK, Nagarajan S, Pal M (2012) Impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on radiation utilization and related plant biophysical properties in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). Agric For Meteorol 158–159:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.02.003
Saha S, Sehgal VK, Chakraborty D, Pal M (2015) Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment induced modifications in canopy radiation utilization, growth and yield of chickpea Cicer arietinum L. Agric For Meteorol 202:102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.004
Sánchez B, Rasmussen A, Porter JR (2014) Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review. Glob Chang Biol 20:408–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12389
Sanz-Sáez Á, Koester RP, Rosenthal DM, Montes CM, Ort DR, Ainsworth EA (2017) Leaf and canopy scale drivers of genotypic variation in soybean response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration. Glob Chang Biol 23:3908–3920. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13678
Saxena MC, Singh KB (1987) The chickpea. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International
Shimono H, Okada M, Inoue M et al (2010) Diurnal and seasonal variations in stomatal conductance of rice at elevated atmospheric CO2 under fully open-air conditions. Plant Cell Environ 33:322–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02057.x
Singh S, Bhatia A, Tomer R, Kumar V, Singh B, Singh SD (2013) Synergistic action of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide on yield and nutritional quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.). Environ Monit Assess 185:6517–6529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-3043-9
Singh RN, Mukherjee J, Sehgal VK et al (2017) Effect of elevated ozone, carbon dioxide and their interaction on growth, biomass and water use efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Agrometeorol 19:301–305
Smart DR, Chatterton NJ, Bugbee B (1994) The influence of elevated CO2 on non-structural carbohydrate distribution and fructan accumulation in wheat canopies. Plant Cell Environ 17:435–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00312.x
Soltani A, Robertson MJ, Torabi B, Yousefi-Daz M, Sarparast R (2006) Modelling seedling emergence in chickpea as influenced by temperature and sowing depth. Agric For Meteorol 138:156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.04.004
Sun J, Yang L, Wang Y, Ort DR (2009) FACE-ing the global change: opportunities for improvement in photosynthetic radiation use efficiency and crop yield. Plant Sci 177:511–522
Tao F, Feng Z, Tang H, Chen Y, Kobayashi K (2017) Effects of climate change, CO2 and O3 on wheat productivity in Eastern China, singly and in combination. Atmos Environ 153:182–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.032
Tesfaye K, Walker S, Tsubo M (2006) Radiation interception and radiation use efficiency of three grain legumes under water deficit conditions in a semi-arid environment. Eur J Agron 25:60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.04.014
Tiedemann AV, Firsching KH (2000) Interactive effects of elevated ozone and carbon dioxide on growth and yield of leaf rust-infected versus non-infected wheat. In: Environmental pollution. Elsevier 357–363
Tomer R, Bhatia A, Kumar V, Kumar A, Singh R, Singh B, Singh SD (2015) Impact of elevated ozone on growth, yield and nutritional quality of two wheat species in Northern India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15:329–340. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.12.0354
Triggs JM, Kimball BA, Pinter PJ et al (2004) Free-air CO2 enrichment effects on the energy balance and evapotranspiration of sorghum. Agric For Meteorol 124:63–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.01.005
Vandermeiren K, Black C, Lawson T, Casanova MA, Ojanperä K (2002) Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of potatoes grown under elevated CO2 and/or O3 -results from the European CHIP-programme. Eur J Agron 17:337–352
VanLoocke AD (2012) The impact of land-use and global change on water-related agro-ecosystem services in the midwest US. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Walcroft AS, Brown KJ, Schuster WSF, Tissue DT, Turnbull MH, Griffin KL, Whitehead D (2005) Radiative transfer and carbon assimilation in relation to canopy architecture, foliage area distribution and clumping in a mature temperate rainforest canopy in New Zealand. Agric For Meteorol 135:326–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.12.010
Wu DX, Wang GX (2000) Interaction of CO2 enrichment and drought on growth, water use, and yield of broad bean (Vicia faba). Environ Exp Bot 43:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00053-2
Wu DX, Wang GX, Bai YF, Liao JX (2004) Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth, water use, yield and grain quality of wheat under two soil water levels. Agric Ecosyst Environ 104:493–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.018
Wullschleger SD, Gunderson CA, Hanson PJ, Wilson KB, Norby RJ (2002) Sensitivity of stomatal and canopy conductance to elevated CO2 concentration – interacting variables and perspectives of scale. New Phytol 153:485–496. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.0028-646X.2001.00333.X@10.1002/(ISSN)1469-8137(CAT)SPECIALISSUES(VI)STOMATA
Xu Z, Jiang Y, Zhou G (2015) Response and adaptation of photosynthesis, respiration, and antioxidant systems to elevated CO2 with environmental stress in plants. Front Plant Sci 6:701
Yadav A, Bhatia A, Yadav S, Kumar V, Singh B (2019) The effects of elevated CO2 and elevated O3 exposure on plant growth, yield and quality of grains of two wheat cultivars grown in north India. Heliyon 5:e02317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02317
Yendrek CR, Erice G, Montes CM, Tomaz T, Sorgini CA, Brown PJ, McIntyre LM, Leakey ADB, Ainsworth EA (2017) Elevated ozone reduces photosynthetic carbon gain by accelerating leaf senescence of inbred and hybrid maize in a genotype-specific manner. Plant Cell Environ 40:3088–3100. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13075
Yoshimoto M, Oue H, Kobayashi K (2005) Energy balance and water use efficiency of rice canopies under free-air CO2 enrichment. In: Agricultural and forest meteorology. Elsevier 226–246
Zhang W, Wang G, Liu X, Feng Z (2014) Effects of elevated O3 exposure on seed yield, N concentration and photosynthesis of nine soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Northeast China. Plant Sci 226:172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.020
Ziska LH, Bunce JA, Caulfield FA (2001) Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and seed yield of soybean genotypes. Crop Sci 41:385–391. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.412385x
Acknowledgements
The first author gratefully acknowledges the research fellowship received from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi during the course of the study. Facilities received from the Divisions of Agricultural Physics and CESCRA, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi is duly acknowledged.
Funding
This work was partly funded by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi under ‘National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture’ project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, R., Mukherjee, J., Sehgal, V.K. et al. Interactive effect of elevated tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide on radiation utilisation, growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Int J Biometeorol 65, 1939–1952 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02150-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02150-9