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Geochemical heterogeneities and dynamics of magmas within the plumbing system of a persistently active volcano: evidence from Stromboli

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Abstract

We report here the most complete dataset for major and trace elements, as well as Sr isotopic compositions, of magmas erupted by Stromboli since the onset of present-day activity 1,800 years ago. Our data relate to both porphyritic scoria and lava originating in the uppermost parts of the feeding system, plus crystal-poor pumice produced by paroxysmal explosive eruption of deep-seated, fast ascending, magma. The geochemical variations recorded by Stromboli’s products allow us to identify changes in magma dynamics affecting the entire plumbing system. Deep-seated magmas vary in composition between two end-members having different key ratios in strongly incompatible trace elements and Sr isotopes. These features may be ascribed to mantle source processes (fluid/melt enrichment, variable degrees of melting) and occasional contamination by deep, mafic, cumulates. Temporal trends reveal three phases during which magmas with distinct geochemical signatures were erupted. The first phase occurred between the third and fourteenth centuries AD and was characterised by the eruption of evolved magmas sharing geochemical and Sr isotopic compositions similar to those of earlier periods of activity (<12 ka—Neostromboli and San Bartolo). The second phase, which began in the sixteenth century and lasted until the first half of the twentieth century, produced more primitive, less radiogenic, magmas with the lowest Ba/La and Rb/Th ratios of our dataset. The last phase is ongoing and is marked by a magma having the lowest Sr isotopic composition and highest Rb/Th ratio of the dataset. While this new magma can be clearly identified in the pumice erupted during the last two paroxysmal eruptions of 2003 and 2007, shallow degassed magma extruded during this time span records significant geochemical and isotopic heterogeneities. We thus suggest that the shallow reservoir has been only partially homogenised by this new magma influx. We conclude that compositional variations within the shallow magma system of a persistently active volcano provide only a biassed signal of ongoing geochemical changes induced by deep magma refilling. We argue that source changes can only be identified by interpreting the geochemistry of pumice, because it reliably represents magma transferred directly from deep portions of the plumbing system to the surface.

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Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Lucia Civetta and to the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-OV Laboratories Staff for isotopic analysis. Patrizia Pantani contributed to the preparation of figures. We are grateful to Carl Thornber for detailed constructive review and useful suggestions that helped improve the clarity of the paper. An earlier version of the manuscript was improved by comments of an anonymous reviewer. We appreciated Paula Smith suggestions for Adiabat use. We thank the Associate Editor Andrew Harris for the impeccable editorial handling and useful suggestions on the text. This work was supported by projects V2-Monitoring and research activity at Stromboli and Panarea (2004–2006 INGV-DPC agreement) and V2-Paroxysm (2007–2009 INGV-DPC agreement).

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  1. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Via della Faggiola, 32, 56126, Pisa, Italy

    Massimo Pompilio, Antonella Bertagnini & Nicole Métrich

  2. Institut de Physique du Globe, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, UMR CNRS, 7154, Paris, France

    Nicole Métrich

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  1. Massimo Pompilio
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Correspondence to Massimo Pompilio.

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Electronic appendix: major, trace and isotopic compositions (XLS 88 kb)

Appendix A1

Appendix A1

Isenthalpic AFC modelling

A combined process of isenthalpic (heat-balanced) assimilation and crystal fractionation (AFC) has been modelled using the Adiabat software package (Smith and Asimow 2005 and cited therein). Isenthalpic AFC considers the case where the change in enthalpy of the magma is counterbalanced by the change in enthalpy of country rock, which normally is at T < <T liquidus (Reiners et al. 1995). Assumptions of this model include (1) no heat loss to rock not assimilated (2) contamination is by assimilation of country rocks. These assumptions are reasonable for Stromboli deep plumbing system and imply times of reaction and mixing faster than times of heat conduction away from the magma–country rock interface,

We selected, as starting magma composition, the less-enriched and less radiogenic LP sample (pole A—average LP composition of 5 April 2003 paroxysm) assuming a water content of 3 wt.%. Assimilate major and trace elements compositions comprise, a wherlite (sample STR 21) and a gabbro (sample STR 22) both found as enclaves in San Bartolo lavas and reported in Laiolo and Cigolini (2006). Simulations were run considering a temperature just below the liquidus (1,150°C) for the LP magmas, and assuming and initial country rock temperature of 1,000°C for both host rocks, on the basis of geothermometric evaluations of Laiolo and Cigolini (2006). Assumed pressures of magma host–rocks interaction are, respectively 300 MPa for gabbro and 800 MPa for wherlite in agreement with average geobarometric estimates of Laiolo and Cigolini (170–460 MPa for gabbro and 800–1,200 MPa for wherlite). Simulated AFC processes for gabbro and wherlite produce only precipitation of clinopyroxene. Relevant parameters as temperature change, amount of crystallisation, and compositional changes (selected major and trace elements ratios) are reported in Fig. 8 versus the amount of assimilated material. Same results are also shown in matrix diagram of Fig. 4 as vectors. The lack of Sr isotopic data for San Bartolo enclaves prevented the modelling of this parameter.

Fig. 8
figure 8

Variation of magma temperature, amount of crystallisation and melt composition related to isenthalpic AFC processes modelled with Adiabat software package (Smith and Asimow 2005 and cited therein)

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Pompilio, M., Bertagnini, A. & Métrich, N. Geochemical heterogeneities and dynamics of magmas within the plumbing system of a persistently active volcano: evidence from Stromboli. Bull Volcanol 74, 881–894 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0571-z

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