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Pollen limitation may be a common Allee effect in marine hydrophilous plants: implications for decline and recovery in seagrasses

  • Conservation ecology – original research
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Abstract

Pollen limitation may be an important factor in accelerated decline of sparse or fragmented populations. Little is known whether hydrophilous plants (pollen transport by water) suffer from an Allee effect due to pollen limitation or not. Hydrophilous pollination is a typical trait of marine angiosperms or seagrasses. Although seagrass flowers usually have high pollen production, floral densities are highly variable. We evaluated pollen limitation for intertidal populations of the seagrass Zostera noltei in The Netherlands and found a significant positive relation between flowering spathe density and fruit-set, which was suboptimal at <1200 flowering spathes m−2 (corresponding to <600 reproductive shoots m−2). A fragmented population had ≈35 % lower fruit-set at similar reproductive density than a continuous population. 75 % of all European populations studied over a large latitudinal gradient had flowering spathe densities below that required for optimal fruit-set, particularly in Southern countries. Literature review of the reproductive output of hydrophilous pollinated plants revealed that seed- or fruit-set of marine hydrophilous plants is generally low, as compared to hydrophilous freshwater and wind-pollinated plants. We conclude that pollen limitation as found in Z. noltei may be a common Allee effect for seagrasses, potentially accelerating decline and impairing recovery even after environmental conditions have improved substantially.

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Acknowledgments

The first author (BIvT) received a grant for sabbatical period of Dirección General del Personal Académico of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. The second author (LS) was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (No. 843.10.003). The authors are grateful to all students and volunteers who helped to collect samples as part of the European sampling study and to Mirjam Mooijman for help with laboratory analyses. We thank Wouter Suykerbuyk for his contribution to the artwork.

Author contribution statement

BIvT, MvK: conceived and designed and analyzed the section on pollen limitation. LS, TJB, MvK and others (FGB, GP, PGC, TFG, BO, MV, J-MG, FG, LG, JF, PK, RA): design, execution, data analysis of European sampling. BIvT, MvK, LS wrote the manuscript; other authors provided editorial advise

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    B. I. Van Tussenbroek & M. M. Van Katwijk

  2. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo Postal 1152, Cancún, Q. Roo, Mexico

    B. I. Van Tussenbroek

  3. Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, 4400 AC, Yerseke, The Netherlands

    L. M. Soissons & T. J. Bouma

  4. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstrasse 43, 25992, List, Germany

    R. Asmus & P. Kadel

  5. IFREMER-LER/AR, Quai du Commandant Silhouette, 33120, Arcachon, France

    I. Auby & F. Ganthy

  6. Departamento de Biología, Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain

    F. G. Brun & G. Peralta

  7. Department of Life Sciences, IMAR—Institute of Marine Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal

    P. G. Cardoso

  8. IFREMER-LER Dinard, 38 rue du Port Blanc, 35800, Dinard, France

    N. Desroy

  9. UMR 7208 BOREA, Station de Biologie Marine MNHN, CNRS, Place de la Croix, BP 225, 29182, Concarneau Cedex, France

    J. Fournier

  10. Marine Research Division, AZTI-Tecnalia, Herrera Kaia Portualdea z/g, 20110, Pasaia, Spain

    J. M. Garmendia & M. Valle

  11. CNRS, UMR 6554 LETG-Nantes Géolittomer, Université de Nantes, B.P. 81227, 44312, Nantes Cedex 3, France

    L. Godet

  12. Department of Life Sciences, CFE—Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, 3001-455, Coimbra, Portugal

    T. F. Grilo

  13. Environmental Hydraulics Institute “IH Cantabria”, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, C/Isabel Torres No 15, 39011, Santander, Spain

    B. Ondiviela & M. Recio

  14. Central Research Department, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Ciudadela Universitaria, vía San Mateo s/n, 13-05-2732, Manta, Manabí, Ecuador

    M. Valle

  15. Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    T. Van der Heide

Authors
  1. B. I. Van Tussenbroek
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  2. L. M. Soissons
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  3. T. J. Bouma
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  4. R. Asmus
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  5. I. Auby
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  6. F. G. Brun
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  7. P. G. Cardoso
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  8. N. Desroy
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  9. J. Fournier
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  10. F. Ganthy
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  11. J. M. Garmendia
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  12. L. Godet
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  13. T. F. Grilo
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  14. P. Kadel
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  15. B. Ondiviela
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  16. G. Peralta
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  17. M. Recio
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  18. M. Valle
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  19. T. Van der Heide
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  20. M. M. Van Katwijk
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Correspondence to L. M. Soissons.

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Communicated by James Fourqurean.

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Van Tussenbroek, B.I., Soissons, L.M., Bouma, T.J. et al. Pollen limitation may be a common Allee effect in marine hydrophilous plants: implications for decline and recovery in seagrasses. Oecologia 182, 595–609 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3665-7

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