Abstract
Boreal lakes undergo broad-scale environmental change over time, but biodiversity responses to these changes, particularly at macroecological scales, are not well known. We studied long-term trends (1992–2009) of environmental variables and assessed α, β, and γ diversity responses of phytoplankton and littoral invertebrates to these changes. Diversity was assessed based on taxon richness (“richness”) and the exponentiated Shannon entropy (“diversity”). Almost all environmental variables underwent significant monotonic change over time, indicating mainly decreasing acidification, water clarity and nutrient concentrations in the lakes. These variables explained about 54 and 38 % of variance in regression models of invertebrates and phytoplankton, respectively. Despite this, most diversity-related variables fluctuated around a long-term mean. Only α and γ richness and diversity of invertebrates increased monotonically through time, and these patterns correlated significantly with local and regional abundances. Results suggest that biodiversity in boreal lakes is currently stable, with no evidence of regional biotic homogenization or local diversity loss. Results also show that richness trends between phytoplankton and invertebrates were widely uncorrelated, and the same was found for diversity trends. Also, within each taxonomic group, temporal patterns of richness and diversity were largely uncorrelated with each other. From an applied perspective, this suggest that long-term trends of biodiversity in boreal lakes at a macroecological scale cannot be accurately assessed without multiple lines of evidence, i.e. through the use of multiple taxa and diversity-related variables in the analyses.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the many people involved in the monitoring program for making the analyses of these datasets possible. This work was supported by the DYNAMO project funded from the “Oscar and Lili Lamms Minne” Foundation. Additional support from the REFRESH (Adaptive Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change on European Freshwater Ecosystems, contract No 244121,) project funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme, Theme 6 (Environment including Climate Change) is acknowledged. We thank the reviewers for providing constructive criticism that helped to improve the paper.
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Communicated by Ulrich Sommer.
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Angeler, D.G., Drakare, S. Tracing alpha, beta, and gamma diversity responses to environmental change in boreal lakes. Oecologia 172, 1191–1202 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2554-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2554-y