Abstract
Blastocystis spp., one of the most common parasites colonizing the human intestine, is an extracellular, luminal protozoan with controversial pathogenesis. The host’s immune response against Blastocystis spp. infection has also not been defined yet. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the potential pathogenicity of this parasite and its ability to modulate the immune response in experimental infected immunocompetent and immunosuppresed mice. These results demonstrated that the infected immunosuppressed mice were more affected than infected immunocompetent mice. Histopathological examination of the small intestine in the infected immunosuppressed mice showed that Blastocystis spp. infiltrated all the layers. Moreover, the epithelia showed exfoliation and inflammatory cell infiltration in submucosa compared to that of the infected immunocompetent mice. As well, examination of the large intestine of the infected immunosuppressed group showed severe goblet cell hyperplasia. Blastocystis spp. infiltrated all the large intestine layers compared to that of the infected immunocompetent group. Furthermore, there was a significant upregulation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines: interleukin 12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the infected immunosuppressed mice compared to that of the infected immunocompetent ones (p ≤ 0.004 and p ≤ 0.002, respectively). However, the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) was significantly downregulated in the infected immunosuppressed group compared to that of the infected immunocompetent group one at 10 days postinfection (p ≤ 0.002 and p ≤ 0.001, respectively). The results of this study revealed that Blastocystis spp. affected the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in both groups of mice compared to healthy normal (naive) group. Additionally, these data showed that there was a significant upregulation (p ≤ 0.005) of the locally synthesized antibody: secretary IgA (sIgA) in the gut of the infected immunocompetent mice when compared to that of the infected immunosuppressed ones.
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Figure S1
Photomicrographs of various forms of Blastocystis spp. in axenic culture and mice’s feces (x100). a. The axenic culture shows many forms of Blastocystis spp.; the vacuolar form (red arrow) and the granular form (blue arrow). b. In axenic culture, one of the granular form shows multiplication by budding (blue arrow). c. A direct smear of mice’s feces sample shows different forms of Blastocystis spp.; the vacuolar (red arrow), the granular form (blue arrow) and the cyst form (green arrow) (JPG 164 kb)
Figure S2
A photomicrograph of intestine of the infected immunosuppresed mice is showing that Blastocystis (7- 8μm) was dispersed throughout the lamina propria (blue arrow) with numerous eosinophils (green arrow) (JPG 236 kb)
Figure S3
A photomicrograph of the intestinal crypts of the colon of the mice of non-infected immunosuppressed group is showing normal columnar epitheial lining H&E, x 10 (JPG 218 kb)
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Abdel-Hafeez, E.H., Ahmad, A.K., Abdelgelil, N.H. et al. Immunopathological assessments of human Blastocystis spp. in experimentally infected immunocompetent and immunosuppresed mice. Parasitol Res 115, 2061–2071 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4951-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4951-3