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Colonization of CF patients’ upper airways with S. aureus contributes more decisively to upper airway inflammation than P. aeruginosa

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Abstract

In cystic fibrosis (CF) patients’ airways, inflammatory processes decisively contribute to remodeling and pulmonary destruction. The aims of this study were to compare upper airway (UAW) inflammation in the context of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in a longitudinal setting, and to examine further factors influencing UAW inflammation. Therefore, we analyzed soluble inflammatory mediators in noninvasively obtained nasal lavage (NL) of CF patients together with microbiology, medication, and relevant clinical parameters. NL, applying 10 mL of isotonic saline per nostril, was serially performed in 74 CF patients (326 samples). Concentrations of the inflammatory mediators’ interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and its anti-protease TIMP-1 were quantified by bead-based multiplexed assay, neutrophil elastase (NE) via ELISA. Culture-based microbiology of the upper and lower airways (LAW), as well as serological and clinical findings, were compiled. Our results indicate that UAW colonization with S. aureus significantly impacts the concentration of all measured inflammatory mediators in NL fluid except TIMP-1, whereas these effects were not significant for P. aeruginosa. Patients with S. aureus colonization of both the UAW and LAW showed significantly increased concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9, and slightly elevated concentrations of NE in NL fluid compared to non-colonized patients. This work elaborates a survey on S. aureus’ virulence factors that may contribute to this underestimated pathology. Serial assessment of epithelial lining fluid by NL reveals that colonization of the UAW with S. aureus contributes more to CF airway inflammatory processes than hitherto expected.

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Abbreviations

A. xylosoxidans :

Achromobacter xylosoxidans

CF:

Cystic fibrosis

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CRS:

Chronic rhinosinusitis

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IL:

Interleukin

LAW:

Lower airways

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MSSA:

Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus

NE:

Neutrophil elastase

NL:

Nasal lavage

NLF:

Nasal lavage fluid

P. aeruginosa :

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

PA:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa non-mucoid

PAM:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucoid

S. aureus :

Staphylococcus aureus

S. maltophilia :

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

TIMP:

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases

UAW:

Upper airways

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Acknowledgments

The authors especially thank all participating patients who made the study possible.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Pediatrics, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Jena University Hospital, Kochstrasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany

      Wibke Katharina Janhsen, Christin Arnold, Julia Hentschel & Jochen Georg Mainz

    2. Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany

      Julia Hentschel

    3. Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences and Documentation, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

      Thomas Lehmann

    4. Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

      Wolfgang Pfister & Michael Baier

    5. Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

      Klas Böer

    6. Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany

      Kerstin Hünniger & Oliver Kurzai

    7. Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany

      Kerstin Hünniger & Oliver Kurzai

    8. Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

      Uta-Christina Hipler

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    11. Jochen Georg Mainz
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    Correspondence to Jochen Georg Mainz.

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    Christin Arnold and Jochen Georg Mainz have contributed equally to this article.

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    The supplemental material contains further information about statistical data analysis (results of the univariate pre-analysis, overview about included variables for the linear mixed model calculation). Furthermore, the supplemental material includes additional information about inflammatory mediators such as NE, MMP-9, TIMP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 with focusing on interactions between the inflammatory mediators and possible changes in concentrations in the airways of cystic fibrosis patients compared to healthy people. In addition, the supplemental material contains further information about patients’ airway colonization status and estimated marginal means of inflammatory mediators in NLF with respect to the colonization status of the UAW and LAW with P. aeruginosa (PDF 409 kb)

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    Janhsen, W.K., Arnold, C., Hentschel, J. et al. Colonization of CF patients’ upper airways with S. aureus contributes more decisively to upper airway inflammation than P. aeruginosa . Med Microbiol Immunol 205, 485–500 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-016-0463-0

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    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-016-0463-0

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