Abstract
Myoepithelial carcinoma (MEC) is a rare type of breast cancer composed purely of myoepithelial cells. Most often it presents with a spindle cell morphology that can mimic several benign and malignant lesions and may be misdiagnosed by the pathologist. We report 15 cases of MEC, which were sent to our consultation practice: Five of them were initially diagnosed as benign. The patients, all female, ranged from 45 to 86 years in age (mean 69.5) and—with one exception—presented with a breast mass. The tumor size measured between 1 and 4.8 cm (mean 2.6 cm). Microscopically, the tumors had infiltrative growth pattern most frequently with thin anastomosing cords of tumor cells associated with an intimately admixed reactive spindle cell stroma. The neoplastic myoepithelial cells were emanating from the myoepithelial cell layer of entrapped ductules in every case. The nuclei showed mild to moderate pleomorphism, and the mitotic activity ranged from 0 to 9/10 high power field. Immunohistochemical stains for p63, CD10, CK903, and CK5/6 reacted strongly and diffusely with the tumor cells, and mainly the reactive stroma had weak positivity for calponin, S-100, and smooth muscle actin. Estrogen receptor, progesteron receptor, and Her2 immunostains were negative, but strong epidermal growth factor receptor expression was observed. Follow-up was available for seven patients: All of them were alive at last contact; one patient had local recurrence, and one developed pulmonary metastases. MEC is a potentially aggressive malignant neoplasm sharing many features with metaplastic carcinomas. Morphologically, it is often difficult to distinguish it from benign spindle cell proliferations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tavassoli FA, Soares J (2003) Myoepithelial lesions. In: Tavassoli FA, Devilee P (eds) Tumours of the breast and female genital organs. Pathology and genetics. WHO classification of tumours. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 86–88
Tavassoli FA (1991) Myoepithelial lesions of the breast. Myoepitheliosis, adenomyoepithelioma, and myoepithelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Path 15:554–568
Ahmed A (1974) The myoepithelium in human breast carcinoma. J Pathol 113:129–135
Barbareschi M, Pecciarini L, Cangi MG, Macrì E, Rizzo A, Viale G, Doglioni C (2001) P63, a p53 homologue, is a selective nuclear marker of myoepithelial cells of the human breast. Am J Surg Pathol 25:1054–1060
Joshi MG, Lee AK, Pedersen CA, Schnitt S, Camus MG, Hughes KS (1996) The role of immunocytochemical markers in the differential diagnosis of proliferative and neoplastic lesions of the breast. Mod Pathol 9:57–62
Jarasch ED, Nagle RB, Kaufmann M, Maurer C, Böcker WJ (1988) Differential diagnosis of benign epithelial proliferations and carcinomas of the breast using antibodies to cytokeratins. Hum Pathol 19:276–289
Gusterson BA, Ross DT, Heath VJ, Stein T (2005) Basal cytokeratins and their relationship to the cellular origin and functional classification of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 7:143–148
Moll R, Franke WW, Schiller DL, Geiger B, Krepler R (1982) The catalog of human cytokeratins: patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cells. Cell 31:11–24
Hungermann D, Buerger H, Oehlschlegel C, Herbst H, Boecker W (2005) Adenomyoepithelial tumours and myoepithelial carcinomas of the breast—a spectrum of monophasic and biphasic tumours dominated by immature myoepithelial cells. BMC Cancer 5:92
Jones C, Foschini MP, Chaggar R, Lu YJ, Wells D, Shipley JM, Eusebi V, Lakhani SR (2000) Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast. Lab Invest 80:831–836
Lakhani SR, O'Hare MJ, Monaghan P, Winehouse J, Gazet JC, Sloane JP (1995) Malignant myoepithelioma (myoepithelial carcinoma) of the breast: a detailed cytokeratin study. J Clin Pathol 48:164–167
Han B, Mori I, Nakamura M, Wang X, Ozaki T, Nakamura Y, Kakudo K (2006) Myoepithelial carcinoma arising in an adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: case report with immunohistochemical and mutational analysis. Pathol Int 56:211–216
Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ, Sastre-Garau X et al (2003) Invasive breast carcinoma. In: Tavassoli FA, Devilee P (eds) Tumours of the breast and female genital organs. Pathology and genetics. WHO classification of tumours. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 37–40
Tavassoli FA (1992) Classification of metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. Pathol Annu 27(Pt 2):89–119
Wargotz ES, Deos PH, Norris HJ (1989) Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. II. Spindle cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 20:732–740
Reis-Filho JS, Milanezi F, Paredes J, Silva P, Pereira EM, Maeda SA, de Carvalho LV, Schmitt FC (2003) Novel and classic myoepithelial/stem cell markers in metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 11:1–8
Leibl S, Gogg-Kammerer M, Sommersacher A, Denk H, Moinfar F (2005) Metaplastic breast carcinomas: are they of myoepithelial differentiation? Immunohistochemical profile of the sarcomatoid subtype using novel myoepithelial markers. Am J Surg Pathol 29:347–353
Jolicoeur F, Seemayer TA, Gabbiani G, Robidoux A, Gaboury L, Oligny LL, Schurch W (2002) Multifocal, nascent, and invasive myoepithelial carcinoma (malignant myoepithelioma) of the breast: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Int J Surg Pathol 10:281–291
Weigelt B, Kreike B, Reis-Filho JS (2009) Metaplastic breast carcinomas are basal-like breast cancers: a genomic profiling analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 117:273–280
Leibl S, Moinfar F (2005) Metaplastic breast carcinomas are negative for Her-2 but frequently express EGFR (Her-1): potential relevance to adjuvant treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors? J Clin Pathol 58:700–704
Behranwala KA, Nasiri N, A'Hern R, Gui GP (2004) Clinical presentation and long-term outcome of pure myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast. Eur J Surg Oncol 30:357–361
Bossuyt V, Fadare O, Martel M, Ocal IT, Burtness B, Moinfar F, Leibl S, Tavassoli FA (2005) Remarkably high frequency of EGFR expression in breast carcinomas with squamous differentiation. Int J Surg Pathol 13:319–327
Santini D, Ceccarelli C, Tardio ML, Taffurelli M, Marrano D (2002) Immunocytochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in myoepithelial cells of the breast. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 10:29–33
Tan EH, Ramlau R, Pluzanska A, Kuo HP, Reck M, Milanowski J, Au JS, Felip E, Yang PC, Damyanov D, Orlov S, Akimov M, Delmar P, Essioux L, Hillenbach C, Klughammer B, McLoughlin P, Baselga J (2010) A multicentre phase II gene expression profiling study of putative relationships between tumour biomarkers and clinical response with erlotinib in non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 21:217–222
Mendelsohn J, Baselga J (2006) Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer. Semin Oncol 33:369–385
Foschini MP, Eusebi V (1998) Carcinomas of the breast showing myoepithelial cell differentiation. A review of the literature. Virchows Arch 432:303–310
Schurch W, Potvin C, Seemayer TA (1985) Malignant myoepithelioma (myoepithelial carcinoma) of the breast: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Ultrastruct Pathol 8:1–11
Lingamfelter D, Chen Y, Kure K, Lankachandra K (2008) Infiltrating myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast, a case report and cytologic-histologic correlation. Diagn Pathol 3:7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Buza, N., Zekry, N., Charpin, C. et al. Myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 diagnostically challenging cases. Virchows Arch 457, 337–345 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-010-0950-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-010-0950-4