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The roles of tetrapyrroles in plastid retrograde signaling and tolerance to environmental stresses

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Abstract

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This review provides new insights that tetrapyrrole signals play important roles in nuclear gene expression, chloroplast development and plant’s resistance to environmental stresses.

Higher plants contain many tetrapyrroles, including chlorophyll (Chl), heme, siroheme, phytochromobilin and some of their precursors, all of which have important biological functions. Genetic and physiological studies indicated that tetrapyrrole (mainly Mg-protoporphyrin IX) retrograde signals control photosynthesis-associated nuclear gene (PhANG) expression. Recent studies have shown that tetrapyrrole-derived signals may correlate with plant resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, high-light stress, water stress, osmotic stress, salinity and heavy metals. Signaling and physiological roles of Mg-protoIX-binding proteins (such as PAPP5, CRD and HSP90) and heme-binding proteins (such as HO and TSPO) and tetrapyrrole-signaling components (such as GUN1, ABI4 and CBFA) are summarized. Some of them positively regulate plant development and response to environmental stresses. The intermediate signaling components (such as PTM, HSP70–HSP90–HAP1 complex and PAPP5) between the nucleus and the plastid also positively regulate plant resistance to environmental stresses. This review provides new insights that genetically modified plants with enhanced tetrapyrrole levels have improved resistance to environmental stresses.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Sichuan Natural Science Foundation (13ZB0296 and 014z1700), the Preeminent Youth Fund of Sichuan Province (2015JQO045) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31300207). We thank LetPub for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript and Dr. Ming Yuan (Sichuan Agricultural University) for helpful discussion.

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    1. College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China

      Zhong-Wei Zhang, Gong-Chang Zhang & Shu Yuan

    2. School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China

      Feng Zhu

    3. College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China

      Da-Wei Zhang

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    Z.-W. Zhang, G.-C. Zhang and F. Zhu contributed equally to this work.

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    Zhang, ZW., Zhang, GC., Zhu, F. et al. The roles of tetrapyrroles in plastid retrograde signaling and tolerance to environmental stresses. Planta 242, 1263–1276 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2384-3

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