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Dynamics of vertebrate sex chromosome evolution: from equal size to giants and dwarfs

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Abstract

The Y and W chromosomes of mammals and birds are known to be small because most of their genetic content degenerated and were lost due to absence of recombination with the X or Z, respectively. Thus, a picture has emerged of ever-shrinking Ys and Ws that may finally even fade into disappearance. We review here the large amount of literature on sex chromosomes in vertebrate species and find by taking a closer look, particularly at the sex chromosomes of fishes, amphibians and reptiles where several groups have evolutionary younger chromosomes than those of mammals and birds, that the perception of sex chromosomes being doomed to size reduction is incomplete. Here, sex-determining mechanisms show a high turnover and new sex chromosomes appear repeatedly. In many species, Ys and Ws are larger than their X and Z counterparts. This brings up intriguing perspectives regarding the evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes. It can be concluded that, due to accumulation of repetitive DNA and transposons, the Y and W chromosomes can increase in size during the initial phase of their differentiation.

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Acknowledgments

Information collected on sex chromosomes of many weird species through numerous cytogenetic colleagues from many countries is highly appreciated. The list of examples for sex chromosomes discussed in this review that deviate from the classical view is certainly not complete. We apologize to all our colleagues whose work have escaped our attention and have not been mentioned appropriately. We thank Monika Niklaus-Ruiz for the help in the preparation of the manuscript. The work of the authors on sex chromosomes has been supported by the DFG through grants SCHA 408/12-1 and SCHA 408/10-1.

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  1. Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany

    Manfred Schartl

  2. Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic, Würzburg, Germany

    Manfred Schartl

  3. Institute for Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany

    Michael Schmid & Indrajit Nanda

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  1. Manfred Schartl
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Correspondence to Manfred Schartl.

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The manuscript or parts of it have not been submitted elsewhere. No data or images have been manipulated to support our conclusions. All presented data are our own; work of other authors is cited with correct references. All authors have given their consent to submit the final version. All co-authors have contributed sufficiently to the manuscript and therefore share collective responsibility and accountability for the results.

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Schartl, M., Schmid, M. & Nanda, I. Dynamics of vertebrate sex chromosome evolution: from equal size to giants and dwarfs. Chromosoma 125, 553–571 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-015-0569-y

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