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Copper isotope behavior during extreme magma differentiation and degassing: a case study on Laacher See phonolite tephra (East Eifel, Germany)

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Abstract

Copper (Cu) isotopic analyses were performed on a set of samples from the Laacher See tephra (LST) (Eifel, Germany) to investigate whether Cu isotopes are fractionated during extreme magma differentiation and degassing. The LST represents a continuous fractional crystallization series from parental basanite through mafic to highly differentiated phonolites. Samples analyzed here include phonolites of variable degrees of differentiation, phonolite–basanite hybrid rocks formed by mixing basanite and phonolite magmas, and basanite-derived mega-crystals (i.e., clinopyroxene, amphibole, phlogopite). In addition, we analyzed a series of mafic parental lavas from surrounding volcanic centers to constrain the Cu isotopic features of the Eifel mantle. Mafic phonolites show strong depletion in Cu compared to their parental basanites from ~50 to ~3 ppm, indicating sulfide fractionation during the basanite-to-phonolite differentiation. Mass balance calculations, based on the most Cu-rich hybrid rock (δ65Cu = −0.21 ‰, [Cu] = 46.2 ppm), show that the parental basanite magmas have δ65Cu of ca. −0.21 ‰, lighter than those of the mafic phonolites (~0.11 ‰). This suggests that sulfide fractionation preferentially removes the lighter Cu isotope (63Cu) in S-saturated magmas. By contrast, all phonolites have a limited range of Cu contents (1.1 to 4.0 ppm) with no systematic variations with S, suggesting that Cu is not controlled by sulfide fractionation during the evolution of mafic to highly differentiated phonolites. The identical δ65Cu values (0.11 ± 0.03 ‰, 2SD, n = 10) of the phonolites, irrespective of highly diverse composition and extents of differentiation, indicate that fractional crystallization of silicates (e.g., plagioclase, sanidine, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine), Fe–Ti-oxides and phosphate (e.g., apatite) generates insignificant Cu isotope fractionation. The lack of correlations between δ65Cu and volatile contents (e.g., S, Cl) in the LST sequence implies that volcanic degassing causes no detectable Cu isotope fractionation of igneous rocks. Eifel basalts and mega-crystals have variable δ65Cu (−0.18 to 0.21 ‰) that are uncorrelated to MgO and Cu, suggesting that such variations were not caused by differentiation but reflect the Cu isotopic heterogeneity of the Eifel mantle source due to metasomatism by fluids derived from hydrothermally altered oceanic lithosphere.

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Fig. 1

Modified from Wörner et al. (1987)

Fig. 2

The data are sourced from references (Wörner and Schmincke 1984a, Wörner et al. 1985, 1986, 1987)

Fig. 3

Data are taken from Tables 2 and 3

Fig. 4

Data are taken from Table 2

Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Data are taken from Table 2

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Acknowledgment

J.H. thank D.D. Li and Y.W. Lv for help in the clean lab. This work is financially supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NOs. 41573018, 41303015) to J.H and (NO. 4147301) to S.A.L. Thanks are due to Dr. Ryan Mathur and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and thorough comments, which greatly improve this contribution. We also thank Dr. Jochen Hoefs for his efficient editorial handling work.

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  1. CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Jian Huang, Huimin Yu & Yilin Xiao

  2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Sheng-Ao Liu

  3. Division of Geochemsitry, Geosciences Center, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Gerhard Wörner

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  1. Jian Huang
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Huang, J., Liu, SA., Wörner, G. et al. Copper isotope behavior during extreme magma differentiation and degassing: a case study on Laacher See phonolite tephra (East Eifel, Germany). Contrib Mineral Petrol 171, 76 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-016-1282-4

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