Abstract
Metagranite in the Høgtuva tectonic window, Nordland, Norway, hosts several spatially restricted Be mineralisations with phenakite as the main ore mineral. Geochronology of magmatic zircon (zircon-I) indicates crystallisation of phenakite-bearing and beryl-free metaluminous granite at 1787 ± 57 Ma and of phenakite- and beryl (beryl-I)-bearing peraluminous aplites and pegmatites at 1710 ± 59 Ma. Crystallisation of texturally distinct zircon (zircon-II) cogenetic with fluorite in peraluminous aplites and pegmatites occurred at 434 ± 14 Ma during Caledonian metamorphism in Be-mineralised and barren metagranite. Breakdown of phenakite post-dates growth of zircon-II and resulted in the crystallisation of metamorphic høgtuvaite (Ca2 \({\text{Fe}}_{3}^{2 + } {\text{Fe}}_{3}^{3 + }\)Si4BeAlO20) in metaluminous metagranite and metamorphic beryl (beryl-II) in peraluminous metamorphosed aplites and pegmatites. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of mineral reactions implies that Be has not been mobilised to significant degrees during metamorphism, in spite of the presence of a fluorine-rich fluid, and that phenakite underwent in situ metamorphic reactions. Høgtuvaite crystallised as a metamorphic phase at the expense of phenakite, the anorthite component in albitic plagioclase, magnetite and possibly clinopyroxene. In peraluminous environments, the breakdown of phenakite to metamorphic beryl-II is accompanied by the formation of albite. A decreasing activity ratio of a(K+/H+) in the metamorphic fluid results in the reaction of K-feldspar and phenakite to beryl-II. Further decrease in a(K+/H+) finally results in complete transformation of the remaining K-feldspar into albite. The metamorphic breakdown of phenakite in the distinct Be-mineralisation types at Høgtuva is probably controlled by changes in the activities of Na+, K+ and H+ in the coexisting metamorphic fluid.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This reference and the following referenced reports from the Geological Survey of Norway can be downloaded free of charge from the NGU website at www.ngu.no.
References
Abdalla HM, Mohamed FH (1999) Mineralogical and geochemical investigation of emerald and beryl mineralisation, Pan-African Belt of Egypt: genetic and exploration aspects. J Afr Earth Sci 28:581–598
Armstrong JT (1991) Quantitative elemental analysis of individual microparticles with electron beam instruments. In: Heinrich KFJ, Newbury DE (eds) Electron probe quantitation. Plenum, New York, pp 261–315
Baba J, Grew ES, Shearer CK, Sheraton JW (2000) Surinamite: a high-temperature metamorphic beryllosilicate from Lewisian sapphirine-bearing kyanite–orthopyroxene–quartz–potassium feldspar gneiss at South Harris, N.W. Scotland. Am Mineral 85:1474–1484
Banks DA, Giuliani G, Yardley BWD, Cheilletz A (2000) Emerald mineralisation in Colombia: fluid chemistry and the role of brine mixing. Miner Depos 35:699–713
Barbier J, Grew ES, Moore PB, Su S-C (1999) Khmaralite, a new beryllium-bearing mineral related to sapphirine: a superstructure resulting from partial ordering of Be, Al and Si on tetrahedral sites. Am Mineral 84:1650–1660
Barton MD (1986) Phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of minerals in the BeO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (BASH) system, with petrologic applications. Am Mineral 71:277–300
Barton MD, Young S (2002) Non-pegmatitic deposits of beryllium: mineralogy, geology, phase equilibria and origin. Rev Mineral Geochem 50:591–691
Berman RG (2007) winTWQ (version 2.3): a software package for performing internally-consistent thermobarometric calculations. Geological Survey of Canada open file 5462. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada (revised)
Beus AA (1966) Geochemistry of beryllium and genetic types of beryllium deposits. Freeman, San Francisco
Bucher-Nurminen K (1988) Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks in the Central Scandinavian Caledonides. Norges Geol Unders Spec Publ 3:86–95
Burt DM (1975) Beryllium mineral stabilities in the model system CaO–BeO–SiO2–P2O5–F2O−1 and the breakdown of beryl. Econ Geol 70:1279–1292
Burt DM (1988) Stability of genthelvite, Zn4(BeSiO4)3S: an exercise in chalkophilicity using exchange operators. Am Mineral 73:1384–1394
Burt DM (1994) Vector representation of some mineral compositions in the aenigmatite group, with special reference to høgtuvaite. Can Mineral 32:449–457
Burt DM, Sheridan MF (1987) Types of mineralization related to fluorine-rich silicic lava flows and domes. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 205:1–82
Burt DM, Sheridan MF, Bikun JV, Christiansen EH (1982) Topaz rhyolites: distribution, origin, and significance for exploration. Econ Geol 77:1818–1836
Černý P (1990) Distribution, affiliation and derivation of rare-element pegmatites in the Canadian Shield. Geol Rundsch 79:163–226
Černý P (1991a) Rare-element granite pegmatites. Part I. Anatomy and internal evolution of pegmatitic deposits. Geosci Can 18:49–67
Černý P (1991b) Rare-element granite pegmatites. Part II. Regional to global environments and petrogenesis. Geosci Can 18:68–81
Černý P (1992) Geochemical and petrogenetic features of mineralization in rare-metal granitic pegmatites in the light of current research. Appl Geochem 7:393–416
Černý P (2002) Mineralogy of beryllium in granitic pegmatites. Rev Mineral Geochem 50:405–444
Corfu F (2004) U–Pb age, setting and tectonic significance of the anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite suite, Lofoten-Vesterålen, Norway. J Petrol 45:1799–1819
Engell J, Hansen J, Jensen M, Kunzendorf H, Løvborg L (1971) Beryllium mineralization in the Ilímaussaq intrusion, South Greenland, with description of a field beryllometer and chemical methods. Rapp Grønl Geol Unders 33:1–40
Evensen JM, London D, Wendlandt RF (1999) Solubility and stability of beryl in granitic melts. Am Mineral 84:733–745
Franz G, Morteani G (1984) The formation of chrysoberyl in metamorphosed pegmatites. J Petrol 25:27–52
Franz G, Morteani G (2002) Be-minerals: synthesis, stability, and occurrence in metamorphic rocks. Mineral Geochem 50:551–590
Franz G, Grundmann G, Ackermand D (1986) Rock forming beryl from a regional metamorphic terrain (Tauern Window, Austria): parageneses and crystal chemistry. Tscher Miner Petrog 35:167–192
Franz G, Gilg HA, Grundmann G, Morteani G, Martin-Izard A, Paniagua A, Moreiras D, Acevedo RD, Marcos-Pascual C (1996) Metasomatism at a granitic pegmatite–dunite contact in Galicia: the Franqueira occurrence of chrysoberyl (alexandrite), emerald, and phenakite; discussion and reply. Can Mineral 34:1329–1336
Goad BE, Černý P (1981) Peraluminous pegmatitic granites and their pegmatite aureoles in the Winnipeg River district, southeastern Manitoba. Can Mineral 19:177–194
Grauch RI, Lindahl I, Evans HT, Burt DM, Fitzpatrick JJ, Foord EE, Graff P-R, Hysingjord J (1994) Høgtuvaite, a new beryllian member of the aenigmatite group, from Norway, with new X-ray data on aenigmatite. Can Mineral 32:439–448
Grew ES (2002) Beryllium in metamorphic environments (emphasis on aluminous compositions). Rev Mineral Geochem 50:487–550
Grew ES, Hazen RM (2014) Beryllium mineral evolution. Am Min 99:999–1021
Grew ES, Yates MG, Belakovskiy DI, Rouse RC, Su S-C, Marquez N (1994) Hyalotektite from reedmergnerite-bearing peralkaline pegmatite, Dara-i-Pioz, Tajikistan and from Mn skarn, Långban, Värmland, Sweden: a new look at an old mineral. Mineral Mag 58:285–297
Grew ES, Hålenius U, Kritikos M, Shearer CK (2001) New data on welshite, e.g. Ca2Mg3.8 \({\text{Mn}}_{0.6}^{2 + } {\text{Fe}}_{0.1}^{2 + } {\text{Sb}}_{1.5}^{5 + } [{\text{Si}}_{2.8} {\text{Be}}_{1.7} {\text{Fe}}_{0.65}^{3 + } {\text{Al}}_{0.7} {\text{As}}_{0.17} {\text{O}}_{18} ],\) an aenimatite-group mineral. Mineral Mag 65:665–674
Grew ES, Barbier J, Britten JF, Yates MG, Polyakov VO, Shcherbakova EP, Hålenius U, Shearer CK (2005) Makarochkinite, Ca2 \({\text{Fe}}_{4}^{2 + } {\text{Fe}}^{3 + }\)TiSi4BeAlO20, a new beryllosilicate member of the aenigmatite–sapphirine–surinamite group from the Il’men Mountains (southern Urals), Russia. Am Mineral 90:1402–1412
Grew ES, Hålenius U, Pasero M, Barbier J (2008) Recommended nomenclature for the sapphirine and surinamite groups (sapphirine supergroup). Mineral Mag 72:839–876
Groat LA, Giuliani G, Marshall DD, Turner D (2008) Emerald deposits and occurrences: a review. Ore Geol Rev 34:87–112
Grundmann G, Morteani G (1989) Emerald mineralization during regional metamorphism; the Habachtal (Austria) and Leydsdorp (Transvaal, South Africa) deposits. Econ Geol 84:1835–1849
Grundmann G, Morteani G (2008) Multi-stage emerald formation during Pan-African regional metamorphism: the Zabara, Sikait, Umm Kabo deposits, South Eastern desert of Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci 50:168–187
Hemingway BS, Barton MD, Robie RA, Haselton HT (1986) Heat capacities and thermodynamic functions for beryl, Be3Al2Si6O18, phenakite, Be2SiO4, euclase, BeAlSiO4(OH), bertrandite, Be4Si2O7(OH)2, and chrysoberyl, BeAl2O4. Am Mineral 7:557–568
Hölscher A, Schreyer W (1989) A new synthetic hexagonal BeMg-cordierite, Mg2Al2BeSi6O18, and its relationship to Mg-cordierite. Eur J Mineral 1:21–37
Hölscher A, Schreyer W, Lattard D (1986) High-pressure, high-temperature stability of surinamite in the system MgO–BeO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O. Contrib Mineral Petrol 92:113–127
Jackson SE, Pearson NJ, Griffin WL, Belousova EA (2004) The application of laser ablation—inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to in situ U–Pb zircon geochronology. Chem Geol 211:47–69
Jobin-Bevans S, Černý P (1998) The beryllian cordierite + beryl + spessartine assemblage, and secondary beryl in altered cordierite, Greer Lake granitic pegmatite, southeastern Manitoba. Can Mineral 36:447–462
Kovalenko VI, Yarmolyuk VV (1995) Endogenous rare metal ore formations and rare metal metallogeny of Mongolia. Econ Geol 90:520–529
Krog JR (1988) Lithogeokjemisk undersøkelse av Høgtuva og Sjona grunnfjellsvinduer. Flussyreløselig Be og salpetersyreløselige konsentrasjoner av 21 andre elementer. Norges Geol Unders Rapp 88.107
Kunzmann T (1999) The aenigmatite–rhönite mineral group. Eur J Mineral 11:743–756
Larsen Ø, Skår Ø, Pedersen RB (2002) U–Pb zircon and titanite geochronological constraints on the late-/post-Caledonian evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides in north-central Norway. Norw J Geol 82:1–13
Lindsey DA (1977) Epithermal beryllium deposits in water-laid tuff, western Utah. Econ Geol 72:219–232
London D, Evensen JM (2002) Beryllium in silicic magmas and the origin of beryl-bearing pegmatites. Rev Mineral Geochem 50:445–486
Ludwig KR (2001) User’s manual for Isoplot/Ex version 2.49: a geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkley
Ludwig KR, Lindsey DA, Zielinski RA, Simmons KR (1980) U–Pb ages of uraniferous opals and implications for the history of beryllium, fluorine, and uranium mineralization at Spor Mountain, Utah. Earth Planet Sci Lett 46:221–232
Mann U, Marks M, Markl G (2006) Influence of oxygen fugacity on mineral composition in peralkaline melts: the Katzenbuckel volcano, Southwest Germany. Lithos 91:262–285
Markl G (2001) Stability of Na–Be minerals in late-magmatic fluids of the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland. Geol Greenl Surv Bull 190:145–158
Markl G, Schumacher JC (1997) Beryl stability in local hydrothermal and chemical environments in a mineralized granite. Am Mineral 82:195–203
Merino E, Villaseca C, Orejana D, Jeffries T (2013) Gahnite, chrysoberyl and beryl co-occurrence as accessory minerals in a highly evolved peraluminous pluton: the Belvís de Monroy leucogranite (Cáceres, Spain). Lithos 179:137–156
Moore PB (1978) Welshite, Ca2Mg4Fe3+Sb5+O2[Si4Be2O18], a new member oft he aenigmatite group. Mineral Mag 42:129–132
Nasdala L, Zhang M, Kempe U, Panczer G, Gaft M, Andrut M, Plötze M (2003) Spectroscopic methods applied to zircon. Rev Mineral Geochem 53:427–467
Novák M, Gadas P, Filip J, Vaculovič T, Přikryl J, Bohuslav F (2011) Blue, complexly zoned (Na, Mg, Fe, Li)-rich beryl from quartz-calcite veins in low-grade metamorphosed Fe-deposit Skály near Rýmařov, Czech Republic. Mineral Petrol 102:3–14
Osmundsen PT, Braathen A, Nordgulen Ø, Roberts D, Meyer GB, Eide E (2003) The Devonian Nesna shear zone and adjacent gneiss-cored culminations, north-central Norwegian caledonides. J Geol Soc Lond 160:137–150
Ottaway TL, Wicks FJ, Bryndzia LT, Kyser TK, Spooner ETC (1994) Formation of the Muzo hydrothermal emerald deposit in Colombia. Nature 369:552–554
Palme H, O’Neill HSC (2003) Cosmochemical estimates of mantle composition. In: Carlsen RW, Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) The mantle and core, v2, Treatise on geochemistry. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 1–38
Pezzotta F, Diella V, Guastoni A (1999) Chemical and paragenetic data on gadolinite-group minerals from Baveno and Cuasso al Monte, Southern Alps, Italy. Am Mineral 84:782–789
Polyakov VO, Cherepivskaya GY, Shcherbakova YP (1986) Makarochkinite—a new beryllosilicate. In: Polyakov VO, Cherepivskaya GE, Shcherbakov EP (eds) New and little-studied minerals and mineral associations of the Urals. Akademia Nauk SSSR Ural’sky Nauchnyy Tsentr, Sverdlovsk, pp 108–110
Raimbault L, Cuney M, Azencott C, Duthou JL, Joron JL (1995) Geochemical evidence for a multistage magmatic genesis of Ta–Sn–Li mineralization in the granite at Beauvoir, French Massif Central. Econ Geol 90:548–576
Rao C, Wang RC, Hu H (2011) Paragenetic assemblages of beryllium silicates and phosphates from Nanping no. 31 granitic pegmatite dyk, Fujian Province, Southestern China. Can Mineral 49:1175–1187
Richardson DG, Birkett TC (1996) Peralkaline rock-associated rare metals. In: Eckstrand OR, Sinclair WD, Thorpe RI (eds) Geology of Canadian mineral deposit types, vol 8. Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, pp 523–540
Robie RA, Hemingway BS (1995) Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (105 Pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2131. U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, USA
Romer RL, Kjøsnes B, Korneliussen A, Lindahl I, Skyseth T, Stendal M, Sundvoll B (1992) The Archaean–Proterozoic boundary beneath the Caledonides of northern Norway and Sweden: U–Pb, Rb–Sr, and εNd isotope data from the Rombak-Tysfjord area. Norges Geol Unders Rapp 91.225
Rudnick RL, Gao S (2003) The composition of the continental crust. In Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) The crust, v. 3, Treatise on geochemistry. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 1–64
Ryan JG (2002) Trace element characteristics of beryllium in terrestrial materials. Rev Mineral Geochem 50:121–145
Schilling J, Reimann C, Roberts D (2014) REE potential of the Nordkinn Peninsula, North Norway: a comparison of soil and bedrock composition. Appl Geochem 41:95–106
Skår Ø (2002) U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of early-Proterozoic rocks of the tectonic basement windows in central Nordland, Caledonides of north-central Norway. Precambrian Res 116:265–283
Sláma J, Košler J, Condon DJ, Crowley JL, Gerdes A, Hanchar JM, Horstwood MSA, Morris GA, Nasdala L, Norberg N, Schaltegger U, Schoene B, Tubrett MN, Whitehouse MJ (2008) Plešovice zircon—a new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chem Geol 249:1–35
Søvegjarto U, Marker M, Graversen O, Gjelle S (1988) Berggrunnskart Mo I Rana 1927 I—M.1:50000. Norges Geol Unders kart
Stacey JS, Kramers JD (1975) Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26:207–221
Taylor SR (1964) Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new Table. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 28:1273–1285
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev Geophys 33:241–265
Voncken JHL, Vriend SP, Kocken JWM, Jansen JBH (1986) Determination of beryllium and its distribution in rocks of the Sn-W granite of Regoufe, Northern Portugal. Chem Geol 56:93–103
Wedepohl KH (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1217–1232
Whitney DL, Evans BW (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. Am Mineral 95:185–187
Wiedenbeck M, Alle P, Corfu F, Griffin WL, Meier M, Oberli F, Von Quadt A, Roddick JC, Spiegel W (1995) Three natural zircon standards for U–Th–Pb, Lu–Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostand Newslett 19:1–23
Wilberg R (1987) Granitophile elements in granitoid rocks in Precambrian basement windows in Nordland, Northern Norway, with special reference to the rare-element enriched gneiss at Bordvedåga, Høgtuva window. Norges Geol Unders Rapp 87.043
Wilberg R (1988) Sporelementinnhold og—variasjoner i beryllium-forekomstene ved Bordvedåga, Høgtuva-vinduet. Norges Geol Unders Rapp 88.177
Wilberg R (1989a) Snøfjellet beryllium-mineralisering, Høgtuva-vinduet. Norges Geol Unders Rapp 89.070
Wilberg R (1989b) Økonomisk mineralogi i Bordvedåga beryllium-forekomst. Rana, Nordland. Norges Geol Unders Rapp 89.083
Wilberg R, Furuhaug L (1989) Nye beryllium-mineraliseringer i Bordvedåga-Tverrbekkfjell-området. Høgtuva-vinduet. Norges Geol Unders Rapp 89.053
Wilberg R, Lindahl I (1991) The Bordvedåga beryllium deposit, Rana, Nordland County, Norway. Summary report. Norges Geol Unders Rapp 91.181
Wood SA (1992) Theoretical predictions of speciation and solubility of beryllium in hydrothermal solution to 300°C at saturated vapour pressure: application to bertrandite/phenakite deposits. Ore Geol Rev 7:249–278
Wünsch BJ, Hörmann PK (1978) Beryllium. In: Wedepohl KH (ed) Handbook of geochemistry, vol 2. Springer, New York, pp 4-A-1–4-O-1
Yarmolyuk VV, Lykhin DA, Shuriga TN, Vorontsov AA, Sugorakova AM (2011) Age, composition of rocks, and geological setting of the Snezhnoe beryllium deposit: substantiation of the Late Paleozoic East Sayan rare-metal zone, Russia. Geol Ore Depos 53:390–400
Acknowledgments
Peter Robinson is thanked for insightful discussions throughout the project and editing the final version of the manuscript. Axel Müller and Bjørn Willemoes-Wissing are thanked for support during field work. Bengt Johansen and Benjamin Berge are thanked for sample preparation. Comments by G. Franz and two anonymous reviewers substantially improved the quality of the manuscript. Financial support through the Mineralressurser i Nord-Norge (MINN) programme of the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Communicated by Jochen Hoefs.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schilling, J., Bingen, B., Skår, Ø. et al. Formation and evolution of the Høgtuva beryllium deposit, Norway. Contrib Mineral Petrol 170, 30 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1179-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1179-7