Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Articulation and testing of a personality-centred model of psychopathology: evidence from a longitudinal community study over 30 years

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Advances in psychopathological research advocate a personality-centred model of common mental disorders (CMD). We tested four hypotheses to test such a model. First, personality relates to critical life events; second, both personality and critical life events relate to CMD; third, interaction effects between personality and critical life events relate to CMD; fourth, neuroticism explains the majority of variance in psychopathology. We analysed data (n = 453) based on seven semi-structured interviews from a longitudinal epidemiologic cohort study over 30 years spanning years 1979 (age 20) to 2008 (age 50). CMD and critical life events were assessed seven times between 1979 and 2008 and personality domains of neuroticism, extraversion and aggressiveness in 1988 and 1993. Aggressiveness and neuroticism related to partnership rupture and job loss. Neuroticism related significantly to major depression, anxiety disorders, substance-use disorders (SUD) and severity of psychopathology. Both partnership rupture and job loss related to major depression and severity of psychopathology, but not to anxiety disorder or SUD. An interaction effect between neuroticism and partnership rupture pointed towards significantly increased SUD prevalence. All associations held when additionally adjusted for childhood adversity and familial socio-economic status. According to a pseudo-R 2, neuroticism explained 51% of total variance in severity of psychopathology over time, while all three personality domains along with both partnership rupture and job loss explained 59% of total variance. In conclusion, personality, especially neuroticism, relates consistently to repeated measures of psychopathology. These associations are independent of and more pervasive than the effects of partnership rupture and job loss. Partnership rupture in interaction with neuroticism may further increase the risk for SUD. We conclude that neuroticism is a fundamental aetiological factor for severe psychopathology, but further testing of this model in other longitudinal studies is required.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wakefield JC (1992) The concept of mental disorder. On the boundary between biological facts and social values. Am Psychol 47(3):373–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Wakefield JC (2007) The concept of mental disorder: diagnostic implications of the harmful dysfunction analysis. World Psychiatry 6(3):149–156

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Nesse RM, Stein DJ (2012) Towards a genuinely medical model for psychiatric nosology. BMC Med 10:5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Biro PA, Stamps JA (2008) Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity? Trends Ecol Evol 23(7):361–368

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Reale D, Reader SM, Sol D, McDougall PT, Dingemanse NJ (2007) Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biol Rev 82(2):291–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sih A, Cote J, Evans M, Fogarty S, Pruitt J (2012) Ecological implications of behavioural syndromes. Ecol Lett 15(3):278–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Wolf M, Weissing FJ (2012) Animal personalities: consequences for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 27(8):452–461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carere C, Caramaschi D, Fawcett TW (2010) Covariation between personalities and individual differences in coping with stress: converging evidence and hypotheses. Curr Zool 56(6):728–740

    Google Scholar 

  9. Nettle D (2006) The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals. Am Psychol 61(6):622–631

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hengartner MP, Ajdacic-Gross V, Wyss C, Angst J, Rössler W (2016) Relationship between personality and psychopathology in a longitudinal community study: a test of the predisposition model. Psychol Med 46(8):1693–1705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hengartner MP, Kawohl W, Haker H, Rossler W, Ajdacic-Gross V (2016) Big Five personality traits may inform public health policy and preventive medicine: evidence from a cross-sectional and a prospective longitudinal epidemiologic study in a Swiss community. J Psychosom Res 84:44–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kendler KS, Kuhn J, Prescott CA (2004) The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 161(4):631–636

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Khan AA, Jacobson KC, Gardner CO, Prescott CA, Kendler KS (2005) Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry 186:190–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hengartner MP (2015) The detrimental impact of maladaptive personality on public mental health: a challenge for psychiatric practice. Front Psychiatry 6:87

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Lahey BB (2009) Public health significance of neuroticism. Am Psychol 64(4):241–256

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Ormel J, Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Bos EH, Hankin B et al (2013) Neuroticism and common mental disorders: meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clin Psychol Rev 33(5):686–697

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Hengartner MP, van der Linden D, Bohleber L, von Wyl A (2017) Big five personality traits and the general factor of personality as moderators of stress and coping reactions following an emergency alarm on a Swiss University Campus. Stress Health 33:35–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Breslau J, Miller E, Jin R, Sampson NA, Alonso J, Andrade LH et al (2011) A multinational study of mental disorders, marriage, and divorce. Acta Psychiatr Scand 124(6):474–486

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pevalin DJ, Goldberg DP (2003) Social precursors to onset and recovery from episodes of common mental illness. Psychol Med 33(2):299–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hengartner MP, De Fruyt F, Rodgers S, Müller M, Rössler W, Ajdacic-Gross V (2014) An integrative examination of general personality dysfunction in a large community sample. Pers Ment Health 8(4):276–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Tyrer P, Seivewright H, Johnson T (2004) The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: predictors of 12-year outcome of dysthymic, panic and generalized anxiety disorder. Psychol Med 34(8):1385–1394

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wilson S, Vaidyanathan U, Miller MB, McGue M, Iacono WG (2014) Premorbid risk factors for major depressive disorder: are they associated with early onset and recurrent course? Dev Psychopathol 26(4 Pt 2):1477–1493

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Jeronimus BF, Riese H, Sanderman R, Ormel J (2014) Mutual reinforcement between neuroticism and life experiences: a five-wave, 16-year study to test reciprocal causation. J Pers Soc Psychol 107(4):751–764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ludtke O, Roberts BW, Trautwein U, Nagy G (2011) A random walk down university avenue: life paths, life events, and personality trait change at the transition to university life. J Pers Soc Psychol 101(3):620–637

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Robins RW, Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2002) It’s not just who you’re with, it’s who you are: personality and relationship experiences across multiple relationships. J Pers 70(6):925–964

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Vinkers CH, Joels M, Milaneschi Y, Kahn RS, Penninx BWJH, Boks MPM (2014) Stress exposure across the life span cumulatively increases depression risk and is moderated by neuroticism. Depress Anxiety 31(9):737–745

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bolger N, Schilling EA (1991) Personality and the problems of everyday life—the role of neuroticism in exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. J Pers 59(3):355–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gunthert KC, Cohen LH, Armeli S (1999) The role of neuroticism in daily stress and coping. J Pers Soc Psychol 77(5):1087–1100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hengartner MP, Ajdacic-Gross V, Rodgers S, Muller M, Rössler W (2014) The joint structure of normal and pathological personality: further evidence for a dimensional model. Compr Psychiatry 55(3):667–674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tyrer P, Reed GM, Crawford MJ (2015) Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder. Lancet 385(9969):717–726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Widiger TA, Livesley WJ, Clark LA (2009) An integrative dimensional classification of personality disorder. Psychol Assess 21(3):243–255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dingemanse NJ, Reale D (2005) Natural selection and animal personality. Behaviour 142:1159–1184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Bouchard TJ Jr, Loehlin JC (2001) Genes, evolution, and personality. Behav Genet 31(3):243–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dochtermann NA, Schwab T, Sih A (2015) The contribution of additive genetic variation to personality variation: heritability of personality. P R Soc B Biol Sci 282:1798

    Google Scholar 

  35. Caspi A, Roberts BW, Shiner RL (2005) Personality development: stability and change. Annu Rev Psychol 56:453–484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Specht J, Egloff B, Schmukle SC (2011) Stability and change of personality across the life course: the impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. J Pers Soc Psychol 101(4):862–882

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Roberts BW, Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2003) Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 84(3):582–593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Neyer FJ, Asendorpf JB (2001) Personality-relationship transaction in young adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 81(6):1190–1204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Goodwin RD, Hoven CW, Lyons JS, Stein MB (2002) Mental health service utilization in the United States. The role of personality factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 37(12):561–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Michon HW, ten Have M, Kroon H, van Weeghel J, de Graaf R, Schene AH (2008) Mental disorders and personality traits as determinants of impaired work functioning. Psychol Med 38(11):1627–1637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. ten Have M, Oldehinkel A, Vollebergh W, Ormel J (2005) Does neuroticism explain variations in care service use for mental health problems in the general population? Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40(6):425–431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Barlow DH, Sauer-Zavala S, Carl JR, Bullis JR, Ellard KK (2014) The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism: back to the future. Clin Psychol Sci 2(3):344–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Griffith JW, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Mineka S, Rose RD, Waters AM et al (2010) Neuroticism as a common dimension in the internalizing disorders. Psychol Med 40(7):1125–1136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tyrer P, Tyrer H, Guo B (2016) The general neurotic syndrome: a re-evaluation. Psychother Psychosom 85(4):193–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Paul KI, Moser K (2009) Unemployment impairs mental health: meta-analyses. J Vocat Behav 74(3):264–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kessler RC (1997) The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annu Rev Psychol 48:191–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Brugha TS, Weich S, Singleton N, Lewis G, Bebbington PE, Jenkins R et al (2005) Primary group size, social support, gender and future mental health status in a prospective study of people living in private households throughout Great Britain. Psychol Med 35(5):705–714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Derogatis LR (1977) Symptom Checklist 90, R-Version manual I: scoring, administration, and procedures for the SCL-90. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  49. Angst J, Dobler-Mikola A, Binder J (1984) The Zurich study—a prospective epidemiological study of depressive, neurotic and psychosomatic syndromes. I. Problem, methodology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 234(1):13–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Eich D, Ajdacic-Gross V, Condrau M, Huber H, Gamma A, Angst J et al (2003) The Zurich Study: participation patterns and Symptom checklist 90-R scores in six interviews, 1979–99. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 108(s418):11–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Angst J, Gamma A, Neuenschwander M, Ajdacic-Gross V, Eich D, Rössler W et al (2005) Prevalence of mental disorders in the Zurich Cohort Study: a twenty year prospective study. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 14(2):68–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Angst J, Paksarian D, Cui L, Merikangas KR, Hengartner MP et al (2016) The epidemiology of common mental disorders from age 20 to 50: results from the prospective Zurich Cohort Study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 25(1):24–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Angst J, Gamma A, Rossler W, Ajdacic V, Klein DN (2011) Childhood adversity and chronicity of mood disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 261(1):21–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hengartner MP, Müller M, Rodgers S, Rössler W, Ajdacic-Gross V (2014) Occupational functioning and work impairment in association with personality disorder trait-scores. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(2):327–335

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Fahrenberg J, Hampel R, Selg H (1984) Das Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar FPI. Revidierte Fassung FPI-R und teilweise geänderte Fassung FPI-A1. 4., revidierte Auflage. Hogrefe, Göttingen

  56. Angst J, Clayton P (1986) Premorbid personality of depressive, bipolar, and schizophrenic patients with special reference to suicidal issues. Compr Psychiatry 27(6):511–532

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Eysenck HJ (1963) Biological basis of personality. Nature 199:1031–1034

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Rössler W (2007) Melancholia and atypical depression in the Zurich study: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, course, comorbidity and personality. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 433:72–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S, Acharyya S, Zhang H, Angst J (2002) The spectrum of social phobia in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry 51(1):81–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Zeger SL, Liang KY, Albert PS (1988) Models for longitudinal data: a generalized estimating equation approach. Biometrics 44(4):1049–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Twisk JWR (2003) Applied longitudinal data analysis for epidemiology: a practical guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  62. Durbin CE, Hicks BM (2014) Personality and Psychopathology: a stagnant field in need of development. Eur J Pers 28(4):362–386

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Widiger TA (2011) Personality and psychopathology. World Psychiatry 10(2):103–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Ferguson CJ (2010) A meta-analysis of normal and disordered personality across the life span. J Pers Soc Psychol 98(4):659–667

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ, Vollebergh W (2004) Vulnerability before, during, and after a major depressive episode: a 3-wave population-based study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(10):990–996

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. De Bolle M, Beyers W, De Clercq B, De Fruyt F (2012) General personality and psychopathology in referred and nonreferred children and adolescents: an investigation of continuity, pathoplasty, and complication models. J Abnorm Psychol 121(4):958–970

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. De Fruyt F, Van Leeuwen K, Bagby RM, Rolland JP, Rouillon F (2006) Assessing and interpreting personality change and continuity in patients treated for major depression. Psychol Assess 18(1):71–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tang TZ, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Amsterdam J, Shelton R et al (2009) Personality change during depression treatment: a placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(12):1322–1330

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Anusic I, Schimmack U (2016) Stability and change of personality traits, self-esteem, and well-being: introducing the meta-analytic stability and change model of retest correlations. J Pers Soc Psychol 110(5):766–781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Tyrer P (2015) Personality dysfunction is the cause of recurrent non-cognitive mental disorder: a testable hypothesis. Pers Ment Health 9(1):1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Hicks BM, Iacono WG, McGue M (2014) Identifying childhood characteristics that underlie premorbid risk for substance use disorders: socialization and boldness. Dev Psychopathol 26(1):141–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Belsky D, Dickson N, Hancox RJ et al (2011) A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(7):2693–2698

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ellis BJ, Figueredo AJ, Brumbach BH, Schlomer GL (2009) Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk. The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. Hum Nat 20(2):204–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Roff DA (2002) Life history evolution. Sinauer, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  75. Reale D, Garant D, Humphries MM, Bergeron P, Careau V et al (2010) Personality and the emergence of the pace-of-life syndrome concept at the population level. Philos T R Soc B 365(1560):4051–4063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Wolf M, van Doorn GS, Leimar O, Weissing FJ (2007) Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities. Nature 447(7144):581–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Figueredo AJ, Vasquez G, Brumbach BH, Schneider SMR, Sefcek JA et al (2006) Consilience and life history theory: from genes to brain to reproductive strategy. Dev Rev 26(2):243–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Van Linden D, Dunkel CS, Petrides KV (2016) The general factor of personality (GFP) as social effectiveness: review of the literature. Pers Individ Differ 101:98–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Dunkel CS, Kim JK, Papini DR (2012) The general factor of psychosocial development and its relation to the general factor of personality and life history strategy. Pers Individ Differ 52(2):202–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Figueredo AJ, Vasquez G, Brumbach BH, Sefcek JA, Kirsner BR et al (2005) The K-factor: individual differences in life history strategy. Pers Individ Differ 39(8):1349–1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Gladden PR, Figueredo AJ, Jacobs WJ (2009) Life history strategy, psychopathic attitudes, personality, and general intelligence. Pers Individ Differ 46(3):270–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Belsky J, Steinberg L, Houts RM, Halpern-Felsher BL (2010) The development of reproductive strategy in Females: early maternal harshness → earlier menarche → increased sexual risk taking. Dev Psychol 46(1):120–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wilson M, Daly M (1997) Life expectancy, economic inequality, homicide, and reproductive timing in Chicago neighbourhoods. BMJ 314(7089):1271–1274

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Dunkel CS, Mathes E, Beaver KM (2013) Life history theory and the general theory of crime: life expectancy effects on low self-control and criminal intent. J Soc Evol Cult Psychol 7(1):12–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. McNamara JM, Barta Z, Fromhage L, Houston AI (2008) The coevolution of choosiness and cooperation. Nature 451(7175):189–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Ellis BJ, Del Giudice M, Dishion TJ, Figueredo AJ, Gray P et al (2012) The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: implications for science, policy, and practice. Dev Psychol 48(3):598–623

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Koolhaas JM, de Boer SF, Coppens CM, Buwalda B (2010) Neuroendocrinology of coping styles: towards understanding the biology of individual variation. Front Neuroendocrinol 31(3):307–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Wolf M, van Doorn GS, Weissing FJ (2008) Evolutionary emergence of responsive and unresponsive personalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(41):15825–15830

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. David JT, Cervantes MC, Trosky KA, Salinas JA, Delville Y (2004) A neural network underlying individual differences in emotion and aggression in male golden hamsters. Neuroscience 126(3):567–578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Figueredo AJ, Vasquez G, Brumbach BH, Schneider SM (2007) The K-factor, covitality, and personality: a psychometric test of life history theory. Hum Nat 18(1):47–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Hurst JE, Kavanagh PS (2017) Life history strategies and psychopathology: the faster the life strategies, the more symptoms of psychopathology. Evol Hum Behav 38(1):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Del Giudice M (2009) Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies. Behav Brain Sci 32(1):1–21 (discussion 21-67)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Del Giudice M, Ellis BJ, Shirtcliff EA (2011) The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(7):1562–1592

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Gluckman PD, Low FM, Buklijas T, Hanson MA, Beedle AS (2011) How evolutionary principles improve the understanding of human health and disease. Evol Appl 4(2):249–263

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Stearns SC, Nesse RM, Govindaraju DR, Ellison PT (2010) Evolutionary perspectives on health and medicine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(Suppl 1):1691–1695

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Brune M, Belsky J, Fabrega H, Feierman HR, Gilbert P et al (2012) The crisis of psychiatry—insights and prospects from evolutionary theory. World Psychiatry 11(1):55–57

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Rössler W, Hengartner MP, Ajdacic-Gross V, Haker H, Angst J (2013) Deconstructing sub-clinical psychosis into latent-state and trait variables over a 30-year time span. Schizophr Res 150(1):197–204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Barnett JH, Salmond CH, Jones PB, Sahakian BJ (2006) Cognitive reserve in neuropsychiatry. Psychol Med 36(8):1053–1064

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, O’Neil A, Pasco JA et al (2013) So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Med 11:200

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant Number 32-50881.97).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), PO Box 707, 8037, Zurich, Switzerland

    Michael P. Hengartner

  2. Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK

    Peter Tyrer

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross, Jules Angst & Wulf Rössler

  4. Institute of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Wulf Rössler

  5. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Wulf Rössler

Authors
  1. Michael P. Hengartner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter Tyrer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jules Angst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wulf Rössler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael P. Hengartner.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

None

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 28 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hengartner, M.P., Tyrer, P., Ajdacic-Gross, V. et al. Articulation and testing of a personality-centred model of psychopathology: evidence from a longitudinal community study over 30 years. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 268, 443–454 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-017-0796-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-017-0796-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation