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Gently restless: association of ADHD-like traits with response inhibition and interference control

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Abstract

Impairment of inhibition-related functions is one of the most pronounced cognitive deficits found in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Compelling evidence from studies of unaffected relatives of patients with ADHD and of ADHD-like traits in healthy subjects suggest the continuous distribution of ADHD symptoms in the population. A more subtle inhibitory deficit can also be found in healthy relatives of patients and in subjects with high ADHD-like traits. Here, we examined the relationship between inhibitory performance and ADHD-like traits, for the first time, in a large sample of healthy adults by applying multiple, widely used tests of inhibition-related functions. ADHD-like traits, in general, were independently predicted by Stroop interference score and, at trend level, by go/no-go commission error rate while controlling for socio-demographic factors, verbal intelligence and neuroticism. Additionally, higher inattentive traits were related to worse Stroop performance at trend level, and higher hyperactive/impulsive traits were significantly associated with more go/no-go commission errors. ADHD-like traits were strongly related to neuroticism. The study shows that individual differences in ADHD-like traits are related to variance in fundamental inhibition-related functions over and above effects of negative affect regulation, but the relationships tend to be small. The results suggest the quasi-dimensionality of ADHD and raise further questions about the relationship between genetic factors and the deficit of inhibition-related functions in the ADHD spectrum.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Emmy Noether Programme of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Et 31/2-1). Bertalan Polner was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001 ‘National Excellence Program’. We would like to thank the volunteers who took part in the study.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany

    Bertalan Polner & Ulrich Ettinger

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Désirée Aichert & Anna Costa

  3. Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK

    Christine Macare

  4. Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

    Bertalan Polner

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  1. Bertalan Polner
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Correspondence to Ulrich Ettinger.

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Polner, B., Aichert, D., Macare, C. et al. Gently restless: association of ADHD-like traits with response inhibition and interference control. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 265, 689–699 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-014-0531-7

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