Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pharmacological agents used for treatment and prevention in noise-induced hearing loss

  • Review Article
  • Published:
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Noise is a stress factor that causes auditory, psychological and physiological effects. The realization that sudden loud noises or chronic exposure to noise in social and working environments can cause hearing loss has led to increased interest in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). The best means of preventing primary damage is protection against noise. Since this protection is not always possible for various reasons, the use of pharmacological agents to prevent or treat NIHL should also be considered. The purpose of this study is to discuss current pharmacological protection and treatment options in the light of the literature, since no such extensive reviews have been performed to date, including agents used for protection against and treatment of NIHL. We reviewed both animal and clinical studies, and these are discussed separately for ease of comprehension. For each agent, first animal studies, then clinical studies, if available, are discussed. We also performed a two-step search of the literature. In the first step, we searched the terms “noise induced hearing loss”, “treatment” and “protection” in Pubmed. Based on the results obtained, we identified the agents used for the treatment of and protection against NIHL. In the second step, we searched the names of the agents identified in the first step, together with the term “noise induced hearing loss,” and reviewed the results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Prasher D (2009) Is there evidence that environmental noise is immunotoxic. Noise Health 11:151–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bayazıt YA (2013) Yüksek ses enerjisine bağlı işitme kayıpları. In: Çelik O (ed) Otoloji ve Nöro-otoloji. Elit offset, İstanbul, pp 723–732

    Google Scholar 

  3. Belgin E, Çalışkan M (2004) Çalışma yaşamında gürültü ve işitmenin korunması, 1st edn. TTB yayınları, Ankara

  4. Mrena R, Ylikoski J, Kiukaanniemi H, Makitie AA, Savolainen S (2008) The effect of improved hearing protection regulations in the prevention of military noise-induced hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol 128:997–1003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wang B, Liu Y, Chi F, Zhang Y, Yang M, Zhu X (2013) Dexamethasone suppresses cochlear Hes1 expression after noise exposure. Acta Otolaryngol 133:233–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Takemura K, Komeda M, Yagi M, Himeno C, Izumikawa M, Doi T et al (2004) Direct inner ear infusion of dexamethasone attenuates noise-induced trauma in guinea pig. Hear Res 196:58–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Arslan HH, Satar B, Serdar MA, Ozler M, Yilmaz E (2012) Effects of hyperbaric oxygen and dexamethasone on proinflammatory cytokines of rat cochlea in noise-induced hearing loss. Otol Neurotol 33:1672–1678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ozdogan F, Ensari S, Cakir O, Ozcan KM, Koseoglu S, Ozdas T et al (2012) Investigation of the cochlear effects of intratympanic steroids administered following acoustic trauma. Laryngoscope 122:877–882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tabuchi K, Murashita H, Sakai S, Hoshino T, Uemaetomari I, Hara A (2006) Therapeutic time window of methylprednisolone in acoustic injury. Otol Neurotol 27:1176–1179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bas E, Martinez-Soriano F, Lainez JM, Marco J (2009) An experimental comparative study of dexamethasone, melatonin and tacrolimus in noise-induced hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol 129:385–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Takahashi K, Kusakari J, Kimura S, Wada T, Hara A (1996) The effect of methylprednisolone on acoustic trauma. Acta Otolaryngol 116:209–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tabuchi K, Murashita H, Tobita T, Oikawa K, Tsuji S, Uemaetomari I et al (2005) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate reduces acoustic injury of the guinea-pig cochlea. J PharmacolSci 99:191–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhou Y, Zheng G, Zheng H, Zhou R, Zhu X, Zhang Q (2013) Primary observation of early transtympanic steroid injection in patients with delayed treatment of noise-induced hearing loss. Audiol Neurootol 18:89–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yamasoba T, Nuttall AL, Harris C, Raphael Y, Miller JM (1998) Role of glutathione in protection against noise-induced hearing loss. Brain Res 784:82–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ohinata Y, Yamasoba T, Schacht J, Miller JM (2000) Glutathione limits noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 146:28–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kopke RD, Jackson RL, Coleman JK, Liu J, Bielefeld EC, Balough BJ (2007) NAC for noise: from the bench top to the clinic. Hear Res 226:114–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Doosti A, Lotfi Y, Moossavi A, Bakhshi E, Talasaz AH, Hoorzad A (2014) Comparison of the effects of N-acetyl-cysteine and ginseng in prevention of noise induced hearing loss in male textile workers. Noise Health 16:223–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kashani MM, Saberi H, Hannani M (2013) Prevention of acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss by-N-acetylcysteine administration in rabbits. Arch Trauma Res 1:145–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lu J, Li W, Du X, Ewert DL, West MB, Stewart C et al (2014) Antioxidants reduce cellular and functional changes induced by intense noise in the inner ear and cochlear nucleus. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 15:353–372

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Lorito G, Giordano P, Petruccelli J, Martini A, Hatzopoulos S (2008) Different strategies in treating noise induced hearing loss with N-acetylcysteine. Med Sci Monit 14:159–164

    Google Scholar 

  21. Choi CH, Du X, Floyd RA, Kopke RD (2014) Therapeutic effects of orally administrated antioxidant drugs on acute noise-induced hearing loss. Free Radic Res 48:264–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bielefeld EC, Kopke RD, Jackson RL, Coleman JK, Liu J, Henderson D (2007) Noise protection with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) using a variety of noise exposures, NAC doses, and routes of administration. Acta Otolaryngol 127:914–919

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Davis RR, Custer DA, Krieg E, Alagramam K (2010) N-acetyl l-cysteine does not protect mouse ears from the effects of noise. J Occup Med Toxicol 28:5–11

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ge Z, Ma S, Jia X, Song L (2011) Study of protective effects on noise-induced hearing loss using N-acetyl-cysteine. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 25:1040–1041

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lindblad AC, Rosenhall U, Olofsson A, Hagerman B (2011) The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine to protect the human cochlea from subclinical hearing loss caused by impulse noise: a controlled trial. Noise Health 13:392–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lin CY, Wu JL, Shih TS, Tsai PJ, Sun YM, Ma MC et al (2010) N-Acetyl-cysteine against noise-induced temporary threshold shift in male workers. Hear Res 269:42–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kramer S, Dreisbach L, Lockwood J, Baldwin K, Kopke R, Scranton S et al (2006) Efficacy of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in protecting ears exposed to loud music. J Am Acad Audiol 17:265–278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tamir S, Adelman C, Weinberger JM, Sohmer H (2010) Uniform comparison of several drugs which provide protection from noise induced hearing loss. J Occup Med Toxicol 5:26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Ohinata Y, Miller JM, Schacht J (2003) Protection from noise-induced lipid peroxidation and hair cell loss in the cochlea. Brain Res 966:265–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fetoni AR, Ralli M, Sergi B, Parrilla C, Troiani D, Paludetti G (2009) Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 29:70–75

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Sendowski I (2006) Magnesium therapy in acoustic trauma. Magn Res 19:244–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Xiong M, Wang J, Yang C, Lai H (2013) The cochlea magnesium content is negatively correlated with hearing loss induced by impulse noise. Am J Otolaryngol 34:209–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Yildirim C, Yagiz R, Uzun C, Taş A, Bulut E, Karasalihoğlu A (2006) The protective effect of oral magnesium supplement on noise-induced hearing loss. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg 16:29–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Abaamrane L, Raffin F, Gal M, Avan P, Sendowski I (2009) Long-term administration of magnesium after acoustic trauma caused by gunshot noise in guinea pigs. Hear Res 247:137–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Attias J, Weisz G, Almog S, Shahar A, Wiener M, Joachims Z et al (1994) Oral magnesium intake reduces permanent hearing loss induced by noise exposure. Am J Otolaryngol 15:26–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Attias J, Sapir S, Bresloff I, Reshef-Haran I, Ising H (2004) Reduction in noise-induced temporary threshold shift in humans following oral magnesium intake. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29:635–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Uemaetomari I, Tabuchi K, Nakamagoe M, Tanaka S, Murashita H, Hara A (2009) L-type voltage-gated calcium channel is involved in the pathogenesis of acoustic injury in the cochlea. Tohoku J Exp Med 218:41–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Heinrich UR, Maurer J, Mann W (1999) Ultrastructural evidence for protection of the outer hair cells of the inner ear during intense noise exposure by application of the organic calcium channel blocker diltiazem. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 61:321–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Boettcher FA (1996) Diltiazem does not protect the ear from noise-induced hearing loss in mongolian gerbils. Laryngoscope 106:772–776

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Boettcher FA, Caldwell RK, Gratton MA, White DR, Miles LR (1998) Effects of nimodipine on noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 121:139–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kansu L, Ozkarakas H, Efendi H, Okar I (2011) Protective effects of pentoxifylline and nimodipine on acoustic trauma in Guinea pig cochlea. Otol Neurotol 32:919–925

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Shen H, Zhang B, Shin JH, Lei D, Du Y, Gao X et al (2007) Prophylactic and therapeutic functions of T-type calcium blockers against noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 226:52–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Maurer J, Mann WJ, Amedee RG (1998) Calcium channel blockers for prevention of noise trauma in otologic surgery. J La State Med Soc 150:400–405

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Le Prell CG, Hughes LF, Miller JM (2007) Free radical scavengers vitamins A, C and E plus magnesium reduce noise trauma. Free Radic Biol Med 42:1454–1463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. McFadden SL, Woo JM, Michalak N, Ding D (2005) Dietary vitamin C supplementation reduces noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Hear Res 202:200–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fischer I, Heinrich UR, Brieger J, Schmidtmann I, Li H, Rümelin A et al (2009) Protection of the cochlea by ascorbic acid in noise trauma. HNO 57:339–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hou FX, Wang S (2005) Preventive effects of vitamin E on short-term noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 23:408–410

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kapoor N, Mani KV, Shyam R, Sharma RK, Singh AP, Selvamurthy W (2011) Effect of vitamin E supplementation on carbogen-induced amelioration of noise induced hearing loss in man. Noise Health 13:452–458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Gök U, Halifeoğlu I, Yildiz M (2004) The levels of vitamins A, E, B12 and folic acid in noise-induced hearing loss. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg 12:60–64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Shemesh Z, Attias J, Ornan M, Shapira N, Shahar A (1993) Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with chronic-tinnitus and noise-induced hearing loss. Am J Otolaryngol 14:94–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Quaranta A, Scaringi A, Bartoli R, Margarito MA, Quaranta N (2004) The effects of ‘supra-physiological’ vitamin B12 administration on temporary threshold shift. Int J Audiol 43:162–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Aarnisalo AA, Pirvola U, Liang XQ, Miller J, Ylikoski J (2000) Apoptosis in auditory brainstem neurons after a severe noise trauma of the organ of Corti: intracochlear GDNF treatment reduces the number of apoptotic cells. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 62:330–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Shoji F, Miller AL, Mitchell A, Yamasoba T, Altschuler RA, Miller JM (2000) Differential protective effects of neurotrophins in the attenuation of noise-induced hair cell loss. Hear Res 146:134–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Shoji F, Yamasoba T, Magal E, Dolan DF, Altschuler RA, Miller JM (2000) Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor has a dose dependent influence on noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig cochlea. Hear Res 142:41–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Keithley EM, Ma CL, Ryan AF, Louis JC, Magal E (1998) GDNF protects the cochlea against noise damage. Neuroreport 9:2183–2187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Diao MF, Gao WY, Sun JJ, Liu Y, Chen DL, Jiang W et al (2007) Protection from noise-induced hearing loss by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and neurotrophin 3 in the guinea pig cochlea. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 42:281–285

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Choi BY, Song JJ, Chang SO, Kim SU, Oh SH (2012) Intravenous administration of human mesenchymal stem cells after noise or drug-induced hearing loss in rats. Acta Otolaryngol 132:94–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Chen GD, Kong J, Reinhard K, Fechter LD (2001) NMDA receptor blockage protects against permanent noise-induced hearing loss but not its potentiation by carbon monoxide. Hear Res 154:108–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Diao M, Zhang Y, Liu H, Han H, Gao W (2005) Observation on the protective effect of MK-801 against hearing loss in acoustic trauma. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 19:27–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Xia Y, Long H, Han D, Gong S, Lei L, Shi J et al (2009) The changes of phosphorylated c-Jun expression in spiral ganglion after exposed to noise. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 23:174–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Duan M, Agerman K, Ernfors P, Canlon B (2000) Complementary roles of neurotrophin 3 and a N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist in the protection of noise and aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7597–7602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Fetoni AR, Piacentini R, Fiorita A, Paludetti G, Troiani D (2009) Water-soluble Coenzyme Q10 formulation (Q-ter) promotes outer hair cell survival in a guinea pig model of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). Brain Res 1257:108–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Fetoni AR, De Bartolo P, Eramo SL, Rolesi R, Paciello F, Bergamini C et al (2013) Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) as a target of oxidative stress-mediated damage: cochlear and cortical responses after an increase in antioxidant defense. J Neurosci 33:4011–4023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hirose Y, Sugahara K, Mikuriya T, Hashimoto M, Shimogori H, Yamashita H (2008) Effect of water-soluble coenzyme Q10 on noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Acta Otolaryngol 128:1071–1076

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fetoni AR, Troiani D, Eramo SL, Rolesi R, Paludetti TG (2012) Efficacy of different routes of administration for Coenzyme Q10 formulation in noise-induced hearing loss: systemic versus transtympanic modality. Acta Otolaryngol 132:391–399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Staffa P, Cambi J, Mezzedimi C, Passali D, Bellussi L (2014) Activity of coenzyme Q 10 (Q-Termulticomposite) on recovery time in noise-induced hearing loss. Noise Health 16:265–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Nagashima R, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka H, Ogita K (2010) Mechanism underlying the protective effect of tempol and N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester on acoustic injury: possible involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and connexin 26 in the cochlear spiral ligament. J Pharmacol Sci 114:50–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Wang J, Van De Water TR, Bonny C, de Ribaupierre F, Puel JL, Zine A (2003) A peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase protects against both aminoglycoside and acoustic trauma-induced auditory hair cell death and hearing loss. J Neurosci 23:8596–8607

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wang J, Ruel J, Ladrech S, Bonny C, Van De Water TR, Puel JL (2007) Inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated mitochondrial cell death pathway restores auditory function in sound-exposed animals. Mol Pharmacol 71:654–666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ahn JH, Kang HH, Kim YJ, Chung JW (2005) Anti-apoptotic role of retinoic acid in the inner ear of noise exposed mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 335:485–490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Harris KC, Hu B, Hangauer D, Henderson D (2005) Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss with Src-PTK inhibitors. Hear Res 208:14–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bielefeld EC, Hynes S, Pryznosch D, Liu J, Coleman JK, Henderson D (2005) A comparison of the protective effects of systemic administration of a pro-glutathione drug and a Src-PTK inhibitor against noise-induced hearing loss. Noise Health 7:24–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Claussen AD, Fox DJ, Yu XC, Meech RP, Verhulst SJ, Hargrove TL, Campbell KC (2013) d-methionine pre-loading reduces both noise-induced permanent threshold shift and outer hair cell loss in the chinchilla. Int J Audiol 52(12):801–807

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lo WC, Liao LJ, Wang CT, Young YH, Chang YL, Cheng PW (2013) Dose-dependent effects of d-methionine for rescuing noise-induced permanent threshold shift in guinea-pigs. Neuroscience 254:222–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ge Z, Ma S, Jia X, Zhang L, Song L (2014) Study of protective effects on noise-induced hearing impairment by d-methionine tablets pre-loading. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 28:1232–1234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gao G, Liu Y, Zhou CH, Jiang P, Sun JJ (2015) Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with edaravone for inner ear protection after noise exposure. Chin Med J 128:203–219

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Mohammadkhani G, Pourbakht A, Khanavi M, Faghihzadeh S (2013) Protective effect of silymarinon noise-induced hearing loss in Guinea pigs. Iran Red Crescent Med J 15:11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Qu J, Liao YH, Kou ZZ, Wei YY, Huang J, Chen J et al (2015) Puerarin alleviates noise-induced hearing loss via affecting PKCγ and GABAB receptor expression. J Neurol Sci 22:803

    Google Scholar 

  79. Aksoy F, Dogan R, Yenigun A, Veyseller B, Ozturan O, Ozturk B (2015) Thymoquinone treatment for inner-ear acoustic trauma in rats. J Laryngol Otol 5:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  80. Xiong M, Lai H, Yang C, Huang W, Wang J, Fu X et al (2012) Comparison of the protective effects of radix astragali, α-lipoic acid, and vitamin E on acute acoustic trauma. Clin Med Insights Ear Nose Throat 29:25–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Hoshino T, Tabuchi K, Hirose Y, Uemaetomari I, Murashita H, Tobita T et al (2008) The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs protect mouse cochlea against acoustic injury. Tohoku J Exp Med 216:53–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Pourbakht A (2013) The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on noise-induced hearing loss. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16:726–730

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Gavriel H, Shulman A, Stracher A, Sohmer H (2011) Leupeptin reduces impulse noise induced hearing loss. J Occup Med Toxicol 6:38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Lee JW, Shim BS, Chung JW (2013) The effect of gingko biloba on hearing in mice with noise-induced temporary threshold shift. Korean J Audiol 17:74–77

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Miller JM, Brown JN, Schacht J (2003) 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha), a product of noise exposure, reduces inner ear blood flow. Audiol Neurootol 8:207–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Quaranta N, Dicorato A, Matera V, D’Elia A, Quaranta A (2012) The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on temporary threshold shift in humans: a preliminary study. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 32:380–385

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Cascella V, Giordano P, Hatzopoulos S, Petruccelli J, Prosser S, Simoni E et al (2012) A new oral otoprotective agent. Part 1: electrophysiology data from protection against noise-induced hearing loss. Med Sci Monit 18:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Bao J, Hungerford M, LuxmoreR Ding D, Qiu Z, Lei D et al (2013) Prophylactic and therapeutic functions of drug combinations against noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 304:33–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Psillas G, Pavlidis P, Karvelis I, Kekes G, Vital V, Constantinidis J (2008) Potential efficacy of early treatment of acute acoustic trauma with steroids and piracetam after gunshot noise. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 265:1465–1469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey

    Muhammed Sedat Sakat

  2. Palandoken State Hospital, Otolaryngology Clinics, Erzurum, Turkey

    Korhan Kilic

  3. Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Yildirim Beyazit, Ankara, Turkey

    Sami Bercin

Authors
  1. Muhammed Sedat Sakat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Korhan Kilic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sami Bercin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Korhan Kilic.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sakat, M.S., Kilic, K. & Bercin, S. Pharmacological agents used for treatment and prevention in noise-induced hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 273, 4089–4101 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-016-3936-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-016-3936-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation