Abstract
Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world. It has been established that about 70% of the sexually active population are exposed to this infection. The HPV prevalence rate among pregnant women ranges from 5.5 to 65.0%. Studies on HPV infection in pregnant women have yielded inconsistent results, including HPV prevalence, and HPV clearance.
Aim
Our aim is to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in pregnant women, to identify the types of the virus, and to evaluate the changes of prevalence of HPV infection depending on the trimester of pregnancy in Lithuania.
Methods
Two hundred and thirteen pregnant women who were attending centres of the central outpatient clinic of Vilnius city (Lithuania) in 2008–2010 were studied. These women were examined for HPV infection and its type by polymerase chain reaction. Tests were performed on the first and third trimesters. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS17 and Excel software.
Results
At the beginning of the pregnancy (first trimester of pregnancy), HPV infection was detected in 17.8% of the pregnant women (38 from 213); high oncogenic risk HPV types were identified for 52.6% of the HPV-positive pregnant women. At the end of the pregnancy (third trimester of pregnancy), HPV was identified in 10.3% of the pregnant women (15 out of 146); high-risk HPV types were identified for 66.7%.
Conclusion
Our study shows the high prevalence of HPV infection in pregnant women in Lithuania. The majority of pregnant women’s HPV infection was cleared during the pregnancy. Only in a few cases a new HPV infection was detected.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Troftier H, Franco L (2006) The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine 24(suppl.1):S1–S15
Jamierson DJ, Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA (2006) Emerging infections and pregnancy. Emerg Infect Dis 12(11):1638–1643
Medeiros LR, de Moraes Ethur AB, Hilgert JB, Zanini RR, Berwanger O, Bozetti MC, Mylius LC (2005) Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus: a systematic quantitative review. Cad Saude Publica 21(4):215–233
Kliučinskas M, Nadišauskienė RJ, Minkauskienė M (2006) Prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection among high-risk rural and urban Lithuanian women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 62(3):173–180
Gudleviciene Z, Didziapetriene J, Ramael M, Uleckiene S, Valuckas KP (2006) Human papillomavirus and p53 polymorphism in Lithuanian cervical cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 102(3):530–533
Karim-Kos HE, de Vries E, Soerjomataram I, Lemmens V, Siesling S, Coebergh JW (2008) Recent trends of cancer in Europe: a combined approach of incidence, survival and mortality for 17 cancer sites since the 1990s. Eur J Cancer 44(10):1345–1389
Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S (2007) Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet 370(9590):890–907
Irenge LM, Robert A, Gala JL (2005) Quantitative assessment of human ß-globin gene expression in vitro by TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR: Comparison with competitive reverse transcription-PCR and application to mutations or deletions in noncoding regions. Clin Chem 51:2395–2396
Grce M, Husnjak K, Matovina M, Milutin N, Magdic L, Husnjak O, Pavelic K (2004) Human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, and adeno-associated virus infections in pregnant and nonpregnant women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Microbiol 42(3):1341–1344
Eppel W, Worda C, Frigo P, Ulm M (2000) Human papillomavirus in the cervix and placenta. Obstet Gynecol 96:337–341
Rombaldi R, Serafini E, Mandelli J, Zimmermann E (2008) Transplacental transmission of human papillomavirus. Virol J 5:105–111
Banura C, Franceschi S, Doorn L, Arslan A, Kleter B (2008) Prevalence, incidence and clearence of human papillomavirus infection among young primiparous pregnant women in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Cancer 123P:2180–2187
Aydin Y, Atis A, Tutuman T, Goker N (2010) Prevalence of human papilloma virus infection in pregnant Turkish women compared with non-pregnant women. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 31(1):72–74
Takuwa K, Mitsui T, Iwashita M, Suzuki A, Oda T, Torii Y (2006) Studies on the prevalence of human papillomavirus in pregnant women in Japan. J Perinat Med 34:77–79
Morales-Peza N, Auewarakul P, Juarez V (2002) In vivo tissue-specific regulation of the human papilloma virus type 18 early promoter by estrogen, progesterone and their antagonists. Virology 294:135–140
Castellsagué X, Drudis T, Cañadas MP, Goncé A, Ros R, Pérez JM, Quintana MJ, Muñoz J, Albero G, de Sanjosé S, Bosch FX (2009) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in pregnant women and mother-to-child transmission of genital HPV genotypes: a prospective study in Spain. BMC Infect Dis 9:74–86
Lu DW, Pirog EC, Zhu X, Wang HL (2003) Prevalence and typing of HPV DNA in atypical squamous cells in pregnant women. Acta Cytol 47:1008–1016
Hernandez-Gyron C, Smith JS, Lorincz A, Lazcano E (2005) High-risk human papillomavirus detection and related risk factors among pregnent and nonpregnant women in Mexico. Sex Transm Dis 32:613–618
Thomas KK, Hughes JP, Kuypers JM, Kiviat MB (2000) Concurrent and sequential aquisition of different genital human papillomavirus types. J Infect Dis 182:1097–1102
Rouseau M-C, Abrahamowicz M, Villa LL, Costa MC (2003) Predictors of cervical coinfection with multiple human papillomavirus types. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:1029–1037
Smith EM, Johnson SR, Jiang D, Zaleski S, Lynch CF (1991) The association between pregnancy and human papilloma virus prevalence. Cancer Detect Prev 15(5):397–402
Sarkola ME, Grenman SE, Rintala MA, Syrjanen KJ, Syrjanen SM (2009) Effect of second pregnancy on maternal carriage and outcome of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Experencie from the prospective finnish family HPV study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 67(3):208–216
Louvanto K, Rintala MA, Syrjamnen KJ, Grenman SE, Syrjanen SM (2010) Genotype-specific persistence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in women followed for 6 years in the Finnish family HPV study. J Infect Dis 202(3):436–444
Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Domža, G., Gudlevičienė, Ž., Didžiapetrienė, J. et al. Human papillomavirus infection in pregnant women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 284, 1105–1112 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-010-1787-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-010-1787-4