Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Associations of vitamin D status with dietary intakes and physical activity levels among adults from seven European countries: the Food4Me study

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Journal of Nutrition Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

To report the vitamin D status in adults from seven European countries and to identify behavioural correlates.

Methods

In total, 1075 eligible adult men and women from Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Greece, UK, Poland and Germany, were included in the study.

Results

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, defined as 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OHD3) concentration of <30 and 30–49.9 nmol/L, respectively, were observed in 3.3 and 30.6% of the participants. The highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found in the UK and the lowest in the Netherlands (8.2 vs. 1.1%, P < 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was higher in females compared with males (36.6 vs. 22.6%, P < 0.001), in winter compared with summer months (39.3 vs. 25.0%, P < 0.05) and in younger compared with older participants (36.0 vs. 24.4%, P < 0.05). Positive dose–response associations were also observed between 25-OHD3 concentrations and dietary vitamin D intake from foods and supplements, as well as with physical activity (PA) levels. Vitamin D intakes of ≥5 μg/day from foods and ≥5 μg/day from supplements, as well as engagement in ≥30 min/day of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were associated with higher odds (P < 0.05) for maintaining sufficient (≥50 nmol/L) 25-OHD3 concentrations.

Conclusions

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varied considerably among European adults. Dietary intakes of ≥10 μg/day of vitamin D from foods and/or supplements and at least 30 min/day of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were the minimum thresholds associated with vitamin D sufficiency.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Taylor CL, Thomas PR, Aloia JF, Millard PS, Rosen CJ (2015) Questions about vitamin D for primary care practice: input from an NIH conference. Am J Med. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.05.025

  2. Theodoratou E, Tzoulaki I, Zgaga L, Ioannidis JP (2014) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. BMJ 348:g2035. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2035

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357(3):266–281. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB, Wolf M, Vasan RS (2008) Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 117(4):503–511. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gulseth HL, Gjelstad IM, Birkeland KI, Drevon CA (2013) Vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 11(6):968–984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. van Schoor NM, Lips P (2011) Worldwide vitamin D status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 25(4):671–680. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.06.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, Poulsen CS, Erlandsen M, Mosekilde L, Vestergaard P (2009) Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos Int 20(1):133–140. doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0626-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lips P (2007) Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103(3–5):620–625. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.076

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hilger J, Friedel A, Herr R, Rausch T, Roos F, Wahl DA, Pierroz DD, Weber P, Hoffmann K (2014) A systematic review of vitamin D status in populations worldwide. Br J Nutr 111(1):23–45. doi:10.1017/S0007114513001840

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Holick MF (2006) Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest 116(8):2062–2072. doi:10.1172/JCI29449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Engelsen O, Brustad M, Aksnes L, Lund E (2005) Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thickness. Photochem Photobiol 81(6):1287–1290. doi:10.1562/2004-11-19-rn-375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Moschonis G, Tanagra S, Koutsikas K, Nikolaidou A, Androutsos O, Manios Y (2009) Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and body composition in postmenopausal women: the postmenopausal Health Study. Menopause 16(4):701–707. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e318199d5d5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lips P, van Schoor NM, de Jongh RT (2014) Diet, sun, and lifestyle as determinants of vitamin D status. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1317:92–98. doi:10.1111/nyas.12443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Touvier M, Deschasaux M, Montourcy M, Sutton A, Charnaux N, Kesse-Guyot E, Assmann KE, Fezeu L, Latino-Martel P, Druesne-Pecollo N, Guinot C, Latreille J, Malvy D, Galan P, Hercberg S, Le Clerc S, Souberbielle JC, Ezzedine K (2015) Determinants of vitamin D status in caucasian adults: influence of sun exposure, dietary intake, sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, and genetic factors. J Invest Dermatol 135(2):378–388. doi:10.1038/jid.2014.400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wanner M, Richard A, Martin B, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S (2015) Associations between objective and self-reported physical activity and vitamin D serum levels in the US population. Cancer Causes Control 26(6):881–891. doi:10.1007/s10552-015-0563-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN (2005) Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status. J Nutr 135(2):310–316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Flynn A, Hirvonen T, Mensink GB, Ocke MC, Serra-Majem L, Stos K, Szponar L, Tetens I, Turrini A, Fletcher R, Wildemann T (2009) Intake of selected nutrients from foods, from fortification and from supplements in various European countries. Food Nutr Res. doi:10.3402/fnr.v53i0.2038

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Celis-Morales C, Livingstone KM, Marsaux CF, Forster H, O’Donovan CB, Woolhead C, Macready AL, Fallaize R, Navas-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R, Kolossa S, Hartwig K, Tsirigoti L, Lambrinou CP, Moschonis G, Godlewska M, Surwillo A, Grimaldi K, Bouwman J, Daly EJ, Akujobi V, O’Riordan R, Hoonhout J, Claassen A, Hoeller U, Gundersen TE, Kaland SE, Matthews JN, Manios Y, Traczyk I, Drevon CA, Gibney ER, Brennan L, Walsh MC, Lovegrove JA, Alfredo Martinez J, Saris WH, Daniel H, Gibney M, Mathers JC (2015) Design and baseline characteristics of the Food4Me study: a web-based randomised controlled trial of personalised nutrition in seven European countries. Genes Nutr 10 (1):450. doi:10.1007/s12263-014-0450-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hoeller U, Baur M, Roos FF, Brennan L, Daniel H, Fallaize R, Forster H, Gibney ER, Gibney M, Godlewska M, Hartwig K, Kolossa S, Lambrinou CP, Livingstone KM, Lovegrove JA, Macready AL, Manios Y, Marsaux CF, Martinez JA, Celis-Morales C, Moschonis G, Navas-Carretero S, O’Donovan CB, San-Cristobal R, Saris WH, Surwillo A, Traczyk I, Tsirigoti L, Walsh MC, Woolhead C, Mathers JC, Weber P (2015) Application of dried blood spots to determine vitamin D status in a large nutritional study with unsupervised sampling: the Food4Me project. Br J Nutr. doi:10.1017/S0007114515004298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Livingstone KM, Celis-Morales C, Navas-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R, O’Donovan CB, Forster H, Woolhead C, Marsaux CF, Macready AL, Fallaize R, Kolossa S, Tsirigoti L, Lambrinou CP, Moschonis G, Godlewska M, Surwillo A, Drevon CA, Manios Y, Traczyk I, Gibney ER, Brennan L, Walsh MC, Lovegrove JA, Alfredo Martinez J, Saris WH, Daniel H, Gibney M, Mathers JC (2015) Profile of European adults interested in internet-based personalised nutrition: the Food4Me study. Eur J Nutr. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0897-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fallaize R, Forster H, Macready AL, Walsh MC, Mathers JC, Brennan L, Gibney ER, Gibney MJ, Lovegrove JA (2014) Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record. J Med Internet Res 16(8):e190. doi:10.2196/jmir.3355

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Forster H, Fallaize R, Gallagher C, O’Donovan CB, Woolhead C, Walsh MC, Macready AL, Lovegrove JA, Mathers JC, Gibney MJ, Brennan L, Gibney ER (2014) Online dietary intake estimation: the Food4Me food frequency questionnaire. J Med Internet Res 16(6):e150. doi:10.2196/jmir.3105

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Livingstone KM, Celis-Morales C, Navas-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R, Macready AL, Fallaize R, Forster H, Woolhead C, O’Donovan CB, Marsaux CF, Kolossa S, Tsirigoti L, Lambrinou CP, Moschonis G, Godlewska M, Surwillo A, Drevon CA, Manios Y, Traczyk I, Gibney ER, Brennan L, Walsh MC, Lovegrove JA, Saris WH, Daniel H, Gibney M, Martinez JA, Mathers JC, Food4Me S (2016) Effect of an Internet-based, personalized nutrition randomized trial on dietary changes associated with the Mediterranean diet: the Food4Me Study. Am J Clin Nutr 104(2):288–297. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.129049

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Celis-Morales C, Livingstone KM, Woolhead C, Forster H, O’Donovan CB, Macready AL, Fallaize R, Marsaux CF, Tsirigoti L, Efstathopoulou E, Moschonis G, Navas-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R, Kolossa S, Klein UL, Hallmann J, Godlewska M, Surwillo A, Drevon CA, Bouwman J, Grimaldi K, Parnell LD, Manios Y, Traczyk I, Gibney ER, Brennan L, Walsh MC, Lovegrove JA, Martinez JA, Daniel H, Saris WH, Gibney M, Mathers JC (2015) How reliable is internet-based self-reported identity, socio-demographic and obesity measures in European adults? Genes Nutr 10 (5):476. doi:10.1007/s12263-015-0476-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. McCance RAW (2002) Royal Society of Chemistry; McCance and Widdowson’s the composition of foods, 7th edn. London.

  26. Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board (2011) Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bonomi AG, Plasqui G, Goris AH, Westerterp KR (2010) Estimation of free-living energy expenditure using a novel activity monitor designed to minimize obtrusiveness. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18(9):1845–1851. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Plasqui G, Joosen AM, Kester AD, Goris AH, Westerterp KR (2005) Measuring free-living energy expenditure and physical activity with triaxial accelerometry. Obes Res 13(8):1363–1369. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Plasqui G, Westerterp KR (2007) Physical activity assessment with accelerometers: an evaluation against doubly labeled water. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(10):2371–2379. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Choi L, Liu Z, Matthews CE, Buchowski MS (2011) Validation of accelerometer wear and nonwear time classification algorithm. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(2):357–364. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ed61a3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Marsaux CF, Celis-Morales C, Fallaize R, Macready AL, Kolossa S, Woolhead C, O’Donovan CB, Forster H, Navas-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R, Lambrinou CP, Moschonis G, Surwillo A, Godlewska M, Goris A, Hoonhout J, Drevon CA, Manios Y, Traczyk I, Walsh MC, Gibney ER, Brennan L, Martinez JA, Lovegrove JA, Gibney MJ, Daniel H, Mathers JC, Saris WH (2015) Effects of a web-based personalized intervention on physical activity in European adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 17(10):e231. doi:10.2196/jmir.4660

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. World Health Organization (2010) Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Recommended population levels of physical activity for health. World Health Organization, World Health

  33. Binkley N, Krueger D, Cowgill CS, Plum L, Lake E, Hansen KE, DeLuca HF, Drezner MK (2004) Assay variation confounds the diagnosis of hypovitaminosis D: a call for standardization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(7):3152–3157. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031979

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wallace AM, Gibson S, de la Hunty A, Lamberg-Allardt C, Ashwell M (2010) Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the clinical laboratory: current procedures, performance characteristics and limitations. Steroids 75(7):477–488. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.02.012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cashman KD, Dowling KG, Skrabakova Z, Gonzalez-Gross M, Valtuena J, De Henauw S, Moreno L, Damsgaard CT, Michaelsen KF, Molgaard C, Jorde R, Grimnes G, Moschonis G, Mavrogianni C, Manios Y, Thamm M, Mensink GB, Rabenberg M, Busch MA, Cox L, Meadows S, Goldberg G, Prentice A, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Pilz S, Swart KM, van Schoor NM, Lips P, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Cotch MF, Koskinen S, Lamberg-Allardt C, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Sempos CT, Kiely M (2016) Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic? Am J Clin Nutr. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.120873

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Lanham-New SA, Buttriss JL, Miles LM, Ashwell M, Berry JL, Boucher BJ, Cashman KD, Cooper C, Darling AL, Francis RM, Fraser WD, de Groot CP, Hypponen E, Kiely M, Lamberg-Allardt C, Macdonald HM, Martineau AR, Masud T, Mavroeidi A, Nowson C, Prentice A, Stone EM, Reddy S, Vieth R, Williams CM (2011) Proceedings of the rank forum on Vitamin D. Br J Nutr 105(1):144–156. doi:10.1017/S0007114510002576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF (1985) Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest 76(4):1536–1538. doi:10.1172/JCI112134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Lips P, van Ginkel FC, Jongen MJ, Rubertus F, van der Vijgh WJ, Netelenbos JC (1987) Determinants of vitamin D status in patients with hip fracture and in elderly control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 46(6):1005–1010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hill TR, Granic A, Davies K, Collerton J, Martin-Ruiz C, Siervo M, Mathers JC, Adamson AJ, Francis RM, Pearce SH, Razvi S, Kirkwood TB, Jagger C (2016) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and its determinants in the very old: the Newcastle 85+ study. Osteoporos Int 27(3):1199–1208. doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3366-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. DeGroot LJ, Jameson JL (2001) Endocrinology. 4th edn. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  41. Roman Vinas B, Ribas Barba L, Ngo J, Gurinovic M, Novakovic R, Cavelaars A, de Groot LC, van’t Veer P, Matthys C, Serra Majem L (2011) Projected prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes in Europe. Ann Nutr Metab 59(2–4):84–95. doi:10.1159/000332762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kiely M, Black LJ (2012) Dietary strategies to maintain adequacy of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 243:14–23. doi:10.3109/00365513.2012.681893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Skeie G, Braaten T, Hjartaker A, Lentjes M, Amiano P, Jakszyn P, Pala V, Palanca A, Niekerk EM, Verhagen H, Avloniti K, Psaltopoulou T, Niravong M, Touvier M, Nimptsch K, Haubrock J, Walker L, Spencer EA, Roswall N, Olsen A, Wallstrom P, Nilsson S, Casagrande C, Deharveng G, Hellstrom V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Tjonneland A, Joensen AM, Clavel-Chapelon F, Trichopoulou A, Martinez C, Rodriguez L, Frasca G, Sacerdote C, Peeters PH, Linseisen J, Schienkiewitz A, Welch AA, Manjer J, Ferrari P, Riboli E, Bingham S, Engeset D, Lund E, Slimani N (2009) Use of dietary supplements in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition calibration study. Eur J Clin Nutr 63(Suppl 4):S226–S238. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Black LJ, Walton J, Flynn A, Cashman KD, Kiely M (2015) Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed. J Nutr 145(5):969–976. doi:10.3945/jn.114.209106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cashman KD (2015) Vitamin D: dietary requirements and food fortification as a means of helping achieve adequate vitamin D status. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 148:19–26. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.01.023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Calvo MS, Whiting SJ (2006) Public health strategies to overcome barriers to optimal vitamin D status in populations with special needs. J Nutr 136(4):1135–1139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Autier P, Gandini S, Mullie P (2012) A systematic review: influence of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(8):2606–2613. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, Hass E, Overbeck S, Thomsen J, Charles P, Eriksen EF (2000) Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med 247(2):260–268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Jones G, Dwyer T (1998) Bone mass in prepubertal children: gender differences and the role of physical activity and sunlight exposure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(12):4274–4279. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.12.5353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K (2005) Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in hospitalized, elderly women with Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 20(8):1327–1333. doi:10.1359/JBMR.050402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Holick MF (2011) Vitamin D deficiency in 2010: health benefits of vitamin D and sunlight: a D-bate. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7(2):73–75. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Berger C, Greene-Finestone LS, Langsetmo L, Kreiger N, Joseph L, Kovacs CS, Richards JB, Hidiroglou N, Sarafin K, Davison KS, Adachi JD, Brown J, Hanley DA, Prior JC, Goltzman D (2012) Temporal trends and determinants of longitudinal change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels. J Bone Miner Res 27(6):1381–1389. doi:10.1002/jbmr.1587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Thuesen B, Husemoen L, Fenger M, Jakobsen J, Schwarz P, Toft U, Ovesen L, Jorgensen T, Linneberg A (2012) Determinants of vitamin D status in a general population of Danish adults. Bone 50(3):605–610. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.016

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A (2007) Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(8):1423–1434. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pursey K, Burrows TL, Stanwell P, Collins CE (2014) How accurate is web-based self-reported height, weight, and body mass index in young adults? J Med Internet Res 16(1):e4. doi:10.2196/jmir.2909

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Lassale C, Peneau S, Touvier M, Julia C, Galan P, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E (2013) Validity of web-based self-reported weight and height: results of the Nutrinet-Sante study. J Med Internet Res 15(8):e152. doi:10.2196/jmir.2575

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Study approval: The Food4Me study has been reviewed and approved by seven independent ethical research committees in each of the countries involved in the trial. Patient consent: All participants, both screened and randomised, have given consent to take part in this study. Funding statement: This work was supported by the European Commission under the Food, Agriculture, Fisheries and Biotechnology Theme of the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development [265494].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Heath Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece

    Yannis Manios, George Moschonis, Christina P. Lambrinou, Christina Mavrogianni & Lydia Tsirigoti

  2. Analytical Research Centre and Human Nutrition & Health, DSM Nutritional Products, 4002, Basel, Switzerland

    Ulrich Hoeller, Franz F. Roos, Igor Bendik & Manfred Eggersdorfer

  3. Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Carlos Celis-Morales, Katherine M. Livingstone & John C. Mathers

  4. Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Cyril F. M. Marsaux & Wim H. M. Saris

  5. Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK

    Anna L. Macready, Rosalind Fallaize & Julie A. Lovegrove

  6. UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland

    Clare B. O’Donovan, Clara Woolhead, Hannah Forster, Marianne C. Walsh, Eileen R. Gibney, Lorraine Brennan & Mike Gibney

  7. Department of Nutrition and Physiology, University of Navarra; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain

    Santiago Navas-Carretero, Rodrigo San-Cristobal & J. Alfredo Martinez

  8. ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

    Silvia Kolossa, Jacqueline Hallmann & Hannelore Daniel

  9. National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ), Warsaw, Poland

    Mirosław Jarosz, Agnieszka Surwiłło & Iwona Traczyk

  10. Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Christian A. Drevon

  11. Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands

    Ben van Ommen

  12. Eurogenetica Ltd, 7 Salisbury Road, Burnham-on-Sea, UK

    Keith Grimaldi

  13. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    John N. S. Matthews

  14. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El Venizelou Ave, Kallithea, 176 71, Athens, Greece

    Yannis Manios

Authors
  1. Yannis Manios
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. George Moschonis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christina P. Lambrinou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christina Mavrogianni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lydia Tsirigoti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ulrich Hoeller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Franz F. Roos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Igor Bendik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Manfred Eggersdorfer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Carlos Celis-Morales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Katherine M. Livingstone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Cyril F. M. Marsaux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Anna L. Macready
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Rosalind Fallaize
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Clare B. O’Donovan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Clara Woolhead
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Hannah Forster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Marianne C. Walsh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Santiago Navas-Carretero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Rodrigo San-Cristobal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Silvia Kolossa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Jacqueline Hallmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Mirosław Jarosz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Agnieszka Surwiłło
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Iwona Traczyk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Christian A. Drevon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Ben van Ommen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Keith Grimaldi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. John N. S. Matthews
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Hannelore Daniel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. J. Alfredo Martinez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Julie A. Lovegrove
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Eileen R. Gibney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Lorraine Brennan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. Wim H. M. Saris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. Mike Gibney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. John C. Mathers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

on behalf of the Food4Me Study

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yannis Manios.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 19 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Manios, Y., Moschonis, G., Lambrinou, C.P. et al. Associations of vitamin D status with dietary intakes and physical activity levels among adults from seven European countries: the Food4Me study. Eur J Nutr 57, 1357–1368 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1415-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1415-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation