Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Multi-year climate variability in the Southwestern United States within a context of a dynamically downscaled twentieth century reanalysis

  • Published:
Climate Dynamics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This investigation evaluates whether there is coherency in warm and cool season precipitation at the low-frequency scale that may be responsible for multi-year droughts in the US Southwest. This low-frequency climate variability at the decadal scale and longer is studied within the context of a twentieth-century reanalysis (20CR) and its dynamically-downscaled version (DD-20CR). A spectral domain matrix methods technique (Multiple-Taper-Method Singular Value Decomposition) is applied to these datasets to identify statistically significant spatiotemporal precipitation patterns for the cool (November–April) and warm (July–August) seasons. The low-frequency variability in the 20CR is evaluated by exploring global to continental-scale spatiotemporal variability in moisture flux convergence (MFC) to the occurrence of multiyear droughts and pluvials in Central America, as this region has a demonstrated anti-phase relationship in low-frequency climate variability with northern Mexico and the southwestern US By using the MFC in lieu of precipitation, this study reveals that the 20CR is able to resolve well the low-frequency, multiyear climate variability. In the context of the DD-20CR, multiyear droughts and pluvials in the southwestern US (in the early twentieth century) are significantly related to this low-frequency climate variability. The precipitation anomalies at these low-frequency timescales are in phase between the cool and warm seasons, consistent with the concept of dual-season drought as has been suggested in tree ring studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams DK, Comrie AC (1997) The North American Monsoon. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 10:2197–2213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ault TR, Cole JE, Overpeck JT, Pederson GT, Meko DM (2014) Assessing the risk of persistent drought using climate model simulations and paleoclimate data. J Clim 27:7529–7548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ault TR, Mankin JS, Cook BI, Smerdon JE (2016) Relative impacts of mitigation, temperature, and precipitation on 21st-century megadrought risk in the American Southwest. Sci Adv 2(10):e1600873. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson L, Petersen K, Stein K (2007) Anasazi (Pre-Columbian Native-American) migrations during the middle-12th and late-13th centuries—Were they drought induced? J Clim Change 83:187–213. doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9065-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bukovsky MS, Gochis DJ, Mearns LO (2013) Towards assessing narccap regional climate model credibility for the north american monsoon: current climate simulations. J Clim 26:8802–8826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton AM, Carpenter DA, Wever PJ (1990) Mechanisms of interannual variability of the southwest United States summer rainfall maxima. J Clim 3:999–1015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrillo CM, Castro CL, Garfin G, Chang HI, Bukovsky MS (2015) Evaluation of the ENSO and PDV natural climate variability on the North American monsoon region using a set of CMIP3 dynamically downscaled products from NARCCAP. 29th conference on hydrology on US and Mexico border region: North American monsoon I. American Meteorological Society. https://ams.confex.com/ams/95annual/webprogram/Paper268709.html]). Accessed 27 July 2016

  • Carrillo CM, Castro CL, Woodhouse CA, Griffin D (2016) Low frequency variability of precipitation in the North American Monsoon region as diagnosed through earlywood and latewood tree-ring chronologies in the southwestern US Int J Climatol 36:2254–2272. doi:10.1002/joc.4493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro CL, Pielke RA Sr, Adegoke JO (2007a) Investigation of the summer climate of the contiguous United States and Mexico using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Part I: Model climatology (1950–2002). J Clim 20:3844–3865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro CL, RA Pielke Sr, Adegoke JO, Schubert SD, Pegion PJ (2007b) Investigation of the summer climate of the contiguous US and Mexico using the regional atmospheric modeling system (RAMS). Part II: model climate variability. J Clim 20:3866–3887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro LC, McKee TB, Pielke RA (2001) The relationship of the North American monsoon to tropical and north pacific sea surface temperature as revealed by observational analysis. J Clim 14:4449–4473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro CL, Beltrán-Prezekurat AB, Pielke RA Sr (2009) Spatiotemporal variability of precipitation, modeled soil moisture, and vegetation greenness in North America within the recent observational record. J Hydrometeorol 10:1355–1378. doi:10.1175/2009JHM1123.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro CL, Chang H, Dominguez F, Carrillo C, Kyung-Schemm J, HH-M Juang (2012) Can a regional climate model improve warm season forecasts in North America? J Clim 25:8212–8237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerezo-Mota R, Allen M, Jones R (2011) Mechanisms controlling precipitation in the northern portion of the North American monsoon. J Clim 24:2771–2783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ciancarelli B, Castro CL, Woodhouse C, Dominguez F, Chang H, Carrillo C, Griffin D (2013) Dominant pattern of US warm season precipitation variability in a fine resolution observational record with focus on the southwest. Int J Climatol. doi:10.1002/joc.3716

    Google Scholar 

  • Coats S, Smerdon JE, Cook BI, Seager R (2015) Are simulated megadroughts in the North American Southwest forced? J Clim 28:124–142. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00071.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compo GP, Whitaker JS, Sardeshmukh PD, Matsui N, Allan RJ, Yin X, Gleason BE, Vose RS, Rutledge G, Bessemoulin P, Brönnimann S, Brunet M, Crouthamel RI, Grant AN, Groisman PY, Jones PD, Kruk M, Kruger AC, Marshall GJ, Maugeri M, Mok HY, Ø Nordli, Ross TF, Trigo RM, Wang XL, Woodruff SD, Worley SJ (2011) The twentieth century reanalysis project. Q J R Meteorolog Soc 137:1–28. doi:10.1002/qj.776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook ER, Briffa KR, Meko DM, Graybill DA, Funkhouser G (1995) The segment length curse in long tree-ring chronology development for palaeoclimatic studies. Holocene 5(2):229–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook ER, Woodhouse CA, Eakin CM, Meko DM, Stahle DW (2004) Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science 306:1015–1018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook BI, Seager R, Miller RL (2010) Atmospheric circulation anomalies during two persistent North American droughts: 1932–1939 and 1948–1957. Clim Dyn. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0807-1

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Arrigo RD, Jacoby GC (1991) A 1000-year record of winter precipitation from northwestern New Mexico, USA: a reconstruction from tree-rings and its relationship to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. Holocene 1:95–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding Q, Wang B, Wallace JM, Branstator G (2011) Tropical-extratropical teleconnections in boreal summer: observed interannual variability. J Clim 24:1878–1896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez F, E Rivera, DP Lettermaier, CL Castro (2012) Changes in winter precipitation extremes for the western United States under a warming climate as simulated by regional climate models. Geophys Res Lett 39:L05803. doi:10.1029/2011GL050762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enfield DB, Mestas-Nunez AM, Trimble PJ (2001) The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relationship to rainfall and river flows in the continental US. Geophys Res Lett 28:2077–2080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritts HC (2001) Tree rings and climate. Blackburn Press, Caldwell. (Originally published 1976, Academic Press London)

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfin, Jardine A G, Merideth R, Black M, Leroy S (eds) (2013) Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment. A report by the Southwest Climate Alliance. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershunov A, Barnett TP (1998) ENSO influence on intraseasonal extreme rainfall and temperature frequencies in the contiguous United States: observation and model results. J Clim 11:1575–1586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannini A, Kushnir Y, Cane MA (2000) Interannual Variability of Caribbean Rainfall, ENSO, and the Atlantic Ocean. J Clim 13:297–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gochis D, Schemm J, Shi W, Long L, Higgins W, Douglas A (2009) A forum for evaluating forecasts of the North American monsoon. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union 90(29):249. doi:10.1029/2009EO290002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin D, Meko DM, Touchan R, Leavitt S, Woodhouse CA (2011) Latewood chronology development for summer-moisture reconstruction in the US Southwest. Tree-ring Res 67(2):87–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin D, Woodhouse CA, Meko DM, Stable DW, Faulstich HL, Carrillo C, Touchan R, Castro CL, Leavitt SW (2013) North American monsoon precipitation reconstructed from tree-ring latewood. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1002/grl.50184

    Google Scholar 

  • Grissino-Mayer HD (1996) A 2129-year reconstruction of precipitation for northwestern New Mexico, USA. Tree-rings, environmental and humanity, radiocarbon, Tucson AZ, 191–204

  • Gutzler DS, Kim HK, Higgins RW et al. (2005) The North American monsoon model assessment project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 86:1423–1429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutzler DS, Long LN, Schemm J, Roy SB, Bosilovich M, Collier JC, Kanamitsu M, Kelly P, Lawrence D, Lee M-I, Sánchez RL, Mapes B, Mo K, Nunes A, Ritchie EA, Roads J, Schubert S, Wei H, Zhang GJ (2009) Simulations of the 2004 North American Monsoon: NAMAP2. J Clim 22:6716–6740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastenrath S (1967) Rainfall distribution and regime in Central America. Arch Meteor Geophys Bioklimatol 15B:201–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heim RR (2002) A review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in the United States. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 83:1149–1165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herweijer C, Seager R, Cook ER, Emile-Geay J (2007) North American droughts of the last millenium from a gridded network of tree-ring data. J Clim 20:1353–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins RW, Shi W, Wang XL (1997) Influence of the North American monsoon system on the US summer precipitation regime. J Clim 10:2600–2622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holton JR (2004) An introduction to dynamic meteorology. Burlington, Elsevier Academic Press

  • Karnauskas KB, Busalacchi AJ (2009) The role of SST in the east pacific warm pool in the interannual variability of central American rainfall. J Clim 22:2605–2623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawase H, T Yoshikane, M Hara, F Kimura, T Yasuani, B Ailikun, T Inonue (2009) Intermodel variability of future changes in Baiu rainband estimated by the pseudo global warming downscaling method. J Geophys Res: Atmos 114 (D24). doi:10.1029/2009JD011803

  • Laird KR, Fritz SC, Maasch KA, Cumming BF (1996) Greater drought intensity and frequency before A.D. 1200 in the northern Great Plains, USA. Nature 384:552–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livezey RE, Chen WY (1983) Statistical Field Significance and its Determination by Monte Carlo Techniques. Mon Weather Rev 111:46–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livneh B, Bohn TJ, Pierce DW, Munoz-Arriola F, Nijssen B, Vose R, Cayan DR, Brekke L (2015) A spatially comprehensive, hydrometeorological data set for Mexico, the US, and Southern Canada 1950–2013. Sci Data 2:150042. doi:10.1038/sdata.2015.42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luong TM, Castro CL, Chang HI, Lahmers T, Adams DK, Ochoa-Moya CA (2016) The more extreme nature of north American monsoon precipitation in the southwestern US as revealed by a historical climatology of simulated severe weather events. J Appl Meteorol Climatol (submitted)

  • Magaña V, Amador JA, Medina S (1999) The midsummer drought over Mexico and Central America. J Clim 12:1577–1588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann ME, Lees JM (1996) Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time series. Clim Change 33:409–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann ME, Park J (1994) Global-scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to centennial timescales. J Geophys Res 99:1055–1058

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann ME, Park J (1996) Joint spatiotemporal modes of surface temperature and sea level pressure variability in the Northern Hemisphere during the last century. J Clim 9:2137–2162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mantua NJ, Hare SR, Zhang Y, Wallace JM, Francis RC (1997) A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:1069–1079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKee TB, Doesken NJ, Kleist J. 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Eight Conference on Applied Climatology. 17–22 January. Anahelm. California

  • Mearns LO, Arritt R, Biner S et al (2012) The North American regional climate change assessment program: overview of phase I results. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93:1337–1362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meko DM, Baisan CH (2001) Pilot study of latewood-width of conifers as an indicator of variability of summer rainfall in the North American monsoon region. Int J Climatol 12:697–708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meko DM, Woodhouse CA, Baisan CA, Knight T, Lukas JJ, Hughes MK, Salzer MW (2007) Medieval drought in the upper Colorado River Basin. J Geophys Res 34:1–5. doi:10.1029/2007GL029988

    Google Scholar 

  • Méndez M, Magaña V (2010) Regional aspects of prolonged meteorological droughts over Mexico and Central America. J Clim 23:1175–1188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell DL, Ivanova D, Rabin R, Brown TJ, Redmond K (2002) Gulf of California sea surface temperatures and the North American monsoon: mechanistic implications from observations. J Clim 15:2261–2281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosiño AP, García E (1966) Evaluación de la sequía intraestival en la República Mexicana. Proc Conf Reg Latinoamericana Union Geogr Int 3:500–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Niu G-Y et al (2011) The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP): 1. Model description and evaluation with local-scale measurements. J Geophys Res 116:D12109. doi:10.1029/2010JD015139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PRISM Climate Group (2004) Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model monthly precipitation grid. Oregon State University. http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu. Accessed 22 Mar 2014

  • Rajagopalan B, Mann ME, Lall U (1998) A multivariate frequency-domain approach to long-lead climatic forecasting. Weather Forecast 13:58–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray AJ, Garfin GM, Wilder M, Vasquez-Leon M, Lenart M, Comrie AC (2007) Applications of Monsoon research: opportunities to inform decision making and reduce regional vulnerability. J Clim 20:1608–1626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rayner NA, Parker DE, Horton EB, Folland CK, Alexander LV, Rowell DP, Kent EC Kaplan A (2003) Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J Geophys Res 108(D14):4407. doi:10.1029/2002JD002670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rockel B, Castro CL, Pielke RA Sr, von Storch H, Leoncini G (2008) Dynamical downscaling: Assessment of model system dependent retained and added variability for two different regional climate models. J Geophys Res 113:D21107. doi:10.1029/2007JD009461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ropelewski CF, Halpert MS (1986) North American precipitation and temperature associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Mon Weather Rev 114:2352–2363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ropelewski CF, Halpert MS (1987) Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Mon Weather Rev 115:1606–1626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz JT, Mullen S (1996) Water vapor transport associated with the summertime North American monsoon as depicted by ECMWF analyses. J Clim 9:1621–1632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert SD, Suarez MJ, Pegion PJ, Koster RD, Bacmeister JT (2004) On the causes of the 1930s Dust Bowl. Science 303:1855–1859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seager R, Hoerling M (2014) Atmospheric and oceanic origin of North American droughts. J Clim 27:4581–4606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield J, Camargo SJ, Fu R, Hu Q, Jiang X, Johnson N, Karnauskas KB, Kim ST, Kinter J, Kumar S, Langenbrunner B, Maloney E, Mariott A, Meyerson JE, Neelin JD, Nigam S, Pan Z, Ruiz-Barradas A, Seager R, Serra YL, Sun D-Z, Wang C, Xie S-P, Yu J-Y, Zhang T, Zhao M (2013) North American climate in CMIP5 experiments. Part II: evaluation of historical simulations of intraseasonal to decadal variability. J Clim 26:9247–9290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stahle DW, Cleaveland MK, Grissino-Mayer HD, Griffin RD, Fye FK, Therrell MD, Burnette DJ, Meko DM, Diaz JV (2009) Cool- and warm-season precipitation reconstructions over western New Mexico. J Clim 22:3729–3750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vose RS, Applequist S, Squires M, Durre I, Menne MJ, Williams CN, Fenimore C, Gleason K, Arndt D (2014) Improved historical temperature and precipitation time series for US climate divisions. J Appl Meteorol 53:1232–1251. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-B-0248.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace JM, Gutzler DS (1981) Teleconnections in the geopotential height during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon Weather Rev 109:784–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver SJ, Nigam S (2011) Recurrent supersynoptic evolution of the Great plains low-level jet. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 24:575–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver SJ, Ruiz-Barradas A (2009) Pentad Evolution of the 1988 Drought and 1993 Flood over the Great Plains: An NARR perspective on the atmospheric and terrestrial water balance. J Clim 22:5366–5384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker JS, Hamill TM (2002) Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations. Mon Weather Rev 130:1913–1924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wi S, Dominguez F, Durkik M, Valdes J, Diaz H, Castro CL (2012) Climate change projections of snowfall in the Colorado river basin using dynamically downscaling. Water Resour Res 48:W95504. doi:10.1029/2011WR010674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse CA, Overpeck JT (1998) 2000 Years of Drought Variability in the Central United States. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79:2693–2714

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Salt River Project, and Central Arizona Project under Grant G13AC00327. Additional funding was provided by the Water Sustainability Graduate Student Fellowship Program at the University of Arizona. We thank the Twentieth-Century Reanalysis (20CR) Project for providing the dataset. The 20CR Project is funded by the DOE and NOAA. We are grateful to Drs. Russell Vose and Richard Heim for access to the gridded precipitation dataset. Also, the constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers that improved the quality of this manuscript are highly appreciated.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Carlos M. Carrillo, Christopher L. Castro, Hsin-I Chang & Thang M. Luong

  2. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, 1121 Bradfield Hall, 306 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Carlos M. Carrillo

  3. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico

    Thang M. Luong

Authors
  1. Carlos M. Carrillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christopher L. Castro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hsin-I Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thang M. Luong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos M. Carrillo.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

382_2017_3569_MOESM1_ESM.png

Figure S1: Normalized annual precipitation anomalies (zero line is the 1961-90 mean) in northern Mexico, Chihuahua (solid line), and southern Mexico, Chiapas (dashed line). The anomalies are derived from a developed gridded dataset using area-weighted averaging. Mendez and Magana (2009; their Fig. 2). (PNG 449 KB)

382_2017_3569_MOESM2_ESM.png

Figure S2: Moisture Flux Convergence (MFC) spatial correlation pattern for summer (top) and winter (bottom) obtained using the correlation between the combined Pacific sea surface temperature index (P-SST) as defined in Castro et al. (2001) and the warm (July-August; JA) and cold (November-April; NA) Moisture Flux Convergence (MFC) during the period 1871-2012. Local significance is shown with oblique lines and field significance with percentage in the lower left corner for both cases. (PNG 2247 KB)

382_2017_3569_MOESM3_ESM.png

Figure S3: Similar to Fig. 2 but for the Twenty-Century Reanalysis precipitation anomaly (∆P) instead of Moisture Flux Convergence anomaly (∆MFC). However, vectors of the ∆MFC in Fig. 2 are conserved for comparison purpose. (PNG 1123 KB)

382_2017_3569_MOESM4_ESM.png

Figure S4: Spatial correlation pattern of Moisture Flux Convergence anomaly (∆MFC) for the 25-50 spectral band obtained from the correlation between the JA 20CR ∆MFC and its reconstructed temporal pattern for frequencies in the 25-50 year spectral band (a). The reconstructed JA 20CR ∆MFC temporal pattern for the 25-50 year spectral band (b). Spatial correlation pattern of JA SPI for the 25-50 year spectral band obtained from the correlation between the time series defined in (b) and JA SPI (from observed precipitation—P-NOAA). Local significance is shown with oblique lines and field significant in percentage. (PNG 1186 KB)

382_2017_3569_MOESM5_ESM.png

Figure S5: Annual cycle of monthly precipitation for the Arizona region (30°-37.5°N; 115°-107.5°W) for P-NOAA observed precipitation (a), dynamically-downscaled precipitation of the Twenty-Century Reanalysis (DD-20CR) (b), and Twenty-Century Reanalysis (20CR) precipitation (c). (PNG 224 KB)

382_2017_3569_MOESM6_ESM.png

Figure S6: Local Fractional Variance (LFV) spectrum of the leading Multi Taper Method-Singular Value Decomposition (MTM-SVD) mode for observed summer (July-August; JA) Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) (a). The spatial correlation pattern of observed JA SPI obtained between the JA SPI and its reconstructed MTM-SVD temporal pattern for frequencies greater than 10 years (b). The reconstructed temporal pattern of JA SPI for frequencies higher than 10 years (b). Local significance is shown in oblique lines. (PNG 834 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Carrillo, C.M., Castro, C.L., Chang, HI. et al. Multi-year climate variability in the Southwestern United States within a context of a dynamically downscaled twentieth century reanalysis. Clim Dyn 49, 4217–4236 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3569-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3569-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation