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The Little Ice Age climate of New Zealand reconstructed from Southern Alps cirque glaciers: a synoptic type approach

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Abstract

Little Ice Age (LIA) austral summer temperature anomalies were derived from palaeoequilibrium line altitudes at 22 cirque glacier sites across the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Modern analog seasons with temperature anomalies akin to the LIA reconstructions were selected, and then applied in a sampling of high-resolution gridded New Zealand climate data and global reanalysis data to generate LIA climate composites at local, regional and hemispheric scales. The composite anomaly patterns assist in improving our understanding of atmospheric circulation contributions to the LIA climate state, allow an interrogation of synoptic type frequency changes for the LIA relative to present, and provide a hemispheric context of the past conditions in New Zealand. An LIA summer temperature anomaly of −0.56 °C (±0.29 °C) for the Southern Alps based on palaeo-equilibrium lines compares well with local tree-ring reconstructions of austral summer temperature. Reconstructed geopotential height at 1,000 hPa (z1000) suggests enhanced southwesterly flow across New Zealand occurred during the LIA to generate the terrestrial temperature anomalies. The mean atmospheric circulation pattern for summer resulted from a crucial reduction of the ‘HSE’-blocking synoptic type (highs over and to the west of NZ; largely settled conditions) and increases in both the ‘T’- and ‘SW’-trough synoptic types (lows passing over NZ; enhanced southerly and southwesterly flow) relative to normal. Associated land-based temperature and precipitation anomalies suggest both colder- and wetter-than-normal conditions were a pervasive component of the base climate state across New Zealand during the LIA, as were colder-than-normal Tasman Sea surface temperatures. Proxy temperature and circulation evidence were used to corroborate the spatially heterogeneous Southern Hemisphere composite z1000 and sea surface temperature patterns generated in this study. A comparison of the composites to climate mode archetypes suggests LIA summer climate and atmospheric circulation over New Zealand was driven by increased frequency of weak El Niño-Modoki in the tropical Pacific and negative Southern Annular Mode activity.

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Notes

  1. Sea surface salinity (SSS) and SST changes are two important components that contribute to coral stable oxygen isotope records (Evans et al. 1998; Ren et al. 2002). This can make untangling SST and SSS signals challenging using just δ18O. However, both SST and SSS are commonly modulated by ENSO in the southwest Pacific (Cole et al. 1993; Tudhope et al. 1995; Quinn et al. 1998; Gagan et al. 2000; Linsley et al. 2004, 2006; Asami et al. 2005; Bagnato et al. 2005), which means past marine climate variability is often reported for Pacific coral δ18O records. While ENSO may be an important climate driver for the southwest Pacific and can be recorded in many sclerochronology-based archives (like corals, shells etc.), it is more important for this study that site-specific information about mean climate state rather than past climate driver information or past climate variability is compiled for comparative purposes. Therefore, we focus solely on the records within this proxy type that have provided an SSTa for the LIA.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by core funding NIWA receives from the government of New Zealand’s Ministry of Business, Industry and Enterprise as part of the ‘Climate Present and Past’ project. Additional support was provided by the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (awarded to AML). Jonathan Palmer is thanked for providing the Oroko Swamp temperature reconstruction data. Trevor Chinn is thanked for discussing details of Southern Alps cirque glaciers. This work is a contribution from New Zealand to the PAGES AUS2 k effort.

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  1. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand

    Andrew Lorrey, Nicolas Fauchereau, Craig Stanton & Petra Chappell

  2. CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

    Steven Phipps

  3. Victoria University Wellington, Antarctic Research Centre, Wellington, New Zealand

    Andrew Mackintosh

  4. Victoria University Wellington, School of Geography, Earth Sciences, Wellington, New Zealand

    James Renwick

  5. Marine Climate Risk Group, Climate Futures and Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

    Ian Goodwin

  6. University of Auckland, School of Environment, Auckland, New Zealand

    Anthony Fowler

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Lorrey, A., Fauchereau, N., Stanton, C. et al. The Little Ice Age climate of New Zealand reconstructed from Southern Alps cirque glaciers: a synoptic type approach. Clim Dyn 42, 3039–3060 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1876-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1876-8

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