Craniovertebral tuberculosis in children: experience of 23 cases and proposal for a new classification

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to review cases of paediatric patients with craniovertebral junction (CVJ) tuberculosis with a view to try and stratify the cases into different groups which would help plan treatment and hence develop a protocol for treatment of a fairly uncommon condition still widely seen in the developing world.

Methods

Twenty-three cases of paediatric craniovertebral tuberculosis had their clinical features and radiology reviewed. The treatment plan in each case was analyzed according to their presentation. The results of treatment after 1 year were assessed in each case.

Results

The clinical presentations varied from neck pain with hypoglossal nerve palsy to frank spastic quadriparesis, and frank instability at the atlanto-axial junction was seen in five out of 23 patients. Cold abscesses were seen in 18/23 cases, and severe torticollis was the presentation in 6/23. We graded the children with this condition into three groups:

• 1) those with instability and gross neurodeficit who required early operative intervention (1 needed trans-oral decompression with posterior fixation and 4 required posterior fixation)

• 2) those who had severe torticollis and large cold abscesses who were treated with trans-oral aspiration of cold abscess followed by neck immobilization (6/23) and

• 3) those who did not have significant neck muscle spasm or torticollis and who were treated with immobilization alone (12/23).

Only one child in group 3 required delayed intervention for instability which developed after completion of the course of anti-tubercular medication.

Conclusions

We concluded that children with craniovertebral tuberculosis should be treated according to their clinical presentation coupled with evidence of radiological instability. Those with gross deficit and instability need early stabilization, those with minimal deficit and no instability but severe pain or torticollis need aspiration of the cold abscess with external immobilization, whereas those without deficit, instability or severe pain may be managed by external orthoses alone. Of course, medical treatment for tuberculosis is necessary in each case.