Abstract
Karl von Frisch’s studies of bees’ color vision and chemical senses opened a window into the perceptual world of a species other than our own. A century of subsequent research on bees’ visual and olfactory systems has developed along two productive but independent trajectories, leaving the questions of how and why bees use these two senses in concert largely unexplored. Given current interest in multimodal communication and recently discovered interplay between olfaction and vision in humans and Drosophila, understanding multisensory integration in bees is an opportunity to advance knowledge across fields. Using a classic ethological framework, we formulate proximate and ultimate perspectives on bees’ use of multisensory stimuli. We discuss interactions between scent and color in the context of bee cognition and perception, focusing on mechanistic and functional approaches, and we highlight opportunities to further explore the development and evolution of multisensory integration. We argue that although the visual and olfactory worlds of bees are perhaps the best-studied of any non-human species, research focusing on the interactions between these two sensory modalities is vitally needed.
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Abbreviations
- AL:
-
Antennal lobe
- KC:
-
Kenyon cell
- MB:
-
Mushroom body
- PER:
-
Proboscis extension response
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Acknowledgments
We thank the editors for the invitation to contribute to this special issue, and J. Francis and F. Muth for comments on the manuscript. A.S.L. thanks D.R. Papaj and A. Dornhaus and their labs for discussions that fostered a multisensory worldview. This work was made possible by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (INBRE P20GM103440 and COBRE 5P20GM103650) to PM and by NSF Grant #IOS-1257762 to ASL.
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Leonard, A.S., Masek, P. Multisensory integration of colors and scents: insights from bees and flowers. J Comp Physiol A 200, 463–474 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-014-0904-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-014-0904-4