Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Measurement and characterization of fully transient diesel fuel jet processes in an optical engine with production injectors

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Experiments in Fluids Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of transient rate-of-injection profiles on high-pressure diesel fuel jets have been studied in an optically accessible internal combustion engine. High-speed optical imaging measurements were applied over a range of ambient conditions, fuel types, and injection parameters. This paper demonstrates that during the early part of the injection, while the liquid core is disintegrating, the penetration is functionally linked to the inviscid orifice exit velocity up until a downstream distance hypothesized to be the jet breakup length. The jets then transitioned to a mixing dominated penetration behavior afterward. Therefore, for cases that exhibit transient rate-of-injection profiles, quasi-steady penetration analytical solutions for penetration have poor agreement with the empirical data. The development of an adaptive edgefinding algorithm for accurately detecting jets in engines is detailed. These findings indicate that empirical correlations widely used throughout the engine community for estimating jet penetration do not accurately represent actual injection parameters under transient conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. A linear segment in a log–log scale indicates constant power scaling dependence in linear space.

References

  • Abani N, Reitz RD (2007) Unsteady turbulent round jets and vortex motion. Phys Fluids 19(12):125102

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Adams CA, Loeper P, Krieger R, Andrie MJ, Foster DE (2013) Effects of biodiesel gasoline blends on gasoline direct-injection compression ignition (GCI) combustion. Fuel 111:784–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch W (1966) The fuel rate indicator: a new measuring instrument for display of the characteristics of individual injection. SAE technical paper 660749

  • Bowditch FW (1961) A new tool for combustion research a quartz piston engine. SAE technical paper 610002

  • Bower GR, Foster DE (1991) A comparison of the bosch and zuech rate of injection meters. SAE technical paper 910724

  • Breidenthal RE (2008) The effect of acceleration on turbulent entrainment. Phys Scr 2008(T132):014001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crua C, Shoba T, Heikal M, Gold M, Higham C (2010) High-speed microscopic imaging of the initial stage of diesel spray formation and primary breakup. SAE technical paper 2010-01-2247

  • Dec J (1997) A conceptual model of DI diesel combustion based on laser-sheet imaging. SAE technical paper 970873

  • Dent JC (1961) A basis for the comparison of various experimental methods for studying spray penetration. SAE technical paper 610002

  • Donkerbroek A, Boot M, Luijten C, Dam N, ter Meulen J (2011) Flame lift-off length and soot production of oxygenated fuels in relation with ignition delay in a DI heavy-duty diesel engine. Combust Flame 158(3):525–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagle WE, Morris SB, Wooldridge MS (2014) High-speed imaging of transient diesel spray behavior during high pressure injection of a multi-hole fuel injector. Fuel 116:299–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hay N, Jones P (1972) Comparison of the various correlations for spray penetration. SAE technical paper 720776

  • Heim D, Ghandhi J (2011) A detailed study of in-cylinder flow and turbulence using piv. SAE Int J Engines 4:1642–1668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heywood J (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins B, Siebers D, Aradi A (2000) Diesel-spray ignition and premixed-burn behavior. SAE technical paper 2000-01-0940

  • Hiroyasu H, Arai M (1990) Structures of fuel sprays in diesel engines. SAE technical paper 900475

  • Johari H, Paduano R (1997) Dilution and mixing in an unsteady jet. Exp Fluids 23(4):272–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kokjohn S, Hanson R, Splitter D, Kaddatz J, Reitz RD (2011) Fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in light and heavy duty engines. SAE Int J Engines 4(1):360–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostas J, Honnery D, Soria J (2009) Time resolved measurements of the initial stages of fuel spray penetration. Fuel 88(11):2225–2237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leroux S, Dumouchel C, Ledoux M (1996) The stability curve of newtonian liquid jets. Atomization Sprays 6(6):623–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin S, Reitz R (1998) Drop and spray formation from a liquid jet. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 30:85–105. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.85

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Manin J, Bardi, M, Pickett LM (2012a) Evaluation of the liquid length via diffused back-illumination imaging in vaporizing diesel sprays. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on modeling and diagnostics for advanced engine systems, COMODIA 2012, pp 665–673

  • Manin J, Kastengren A, Payri R (2012b) Understanding the acoustic oscillations observed in the injection rate of a common-rail direct injection diesel injector. ASME J Eng Gas Turbines Power 134(12):122801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musculus MPB (2003) Effects of the in-cylinder environment on diffusion flame lift-off in a di diesel engine. SAE technical paper 2003-01-0074

  • Musculus MPB, Kattke K (2009) Entrainment waves in diesel jets. SAE Int J Engines 2(1):1170–1193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naber JD, Siebers DL (1996) Effects of gas density and vaporization on penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays. SAE Trans 105(3):82–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Neal N, Rothamer, D (2016) Evolving 1-D transient jet modeling by integrating jet breakup physics. Int J Engine Res (submitted)

  • Otsu N (1979) A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 9(1):62–66

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Pastor JV, López JJ, Garcia JM, Pastor JM (2008) A 1-D model for the description of mixing-controlled inert diesel sprays. Fuel 87(13–14):2871–2885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastor JV, Payri R, Garcia-oliver JM, Briceno FJ (2011) Analysis of transient liquid and vapor phase penetration for diesel sprays under variable injection conditions. Atomization Sprays 21(6):503–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payri R, Garcia J, Salvador F, Gimeno J (2005) Using spray momentum flux measurements to understand the influence of diesel nozzle geometry on spray characteristics. Fuel 84(5):551–561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payri R, Salvador F, Gimeno J, Bracho G (2008a) A new methodology for correcting the cumulative phenomenon on injection rate measurements. Exp Tech 32(1):46–49

  • Payri R, Salvador FJ, Gimeno J, de la Morena J (2008b) Macroscopic behavior of diesel sprays in the near-nozzle field. SAE Int J Engines 1:528–536

  • Payri R, Gimeno J, Bardi M, Plazas AH (2013) Study liquid length penetration results obtained with a direct acting piezo electric injector. Appl Energy 106:152–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payri F, Payri R, Bardi M, Carreres M (2014) Engine combustion network: influence of the gas properties on the spray penetration and spreading angle. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 53:236–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett LM, Siebers DL, Idicheria CA (2005) Relationship between ignition processes and the lift-off length of diesel fuel jets. SAE technical paper 2005-01-3843

  • Pickett LM, Kook S, Williams TC (2009) Visualization of diesel spray penetration, cool-flame, ignition, high-temperature combustion, and soot formation using high-speed imaging. SAE Int J Engines 2:439–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett LM, Manin J, Genzale CL, Siebers DL, Musculus MPB, Idicheria CA (2011) Relationship between diesel fuel spray vapor penetration/dispersion and local fuel mixture fraction. SAE technical paper 2011-01-0686

  • Pickett LM, Manin J, Payri R, Bardi M, Gimeno J (2013) Transient rate of injection effects on spray development. SAE technical paper 2013-24-0001

  • Pope S (2000) Turbulent flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Reitz R, Bracco F (1979) On the dependence of spray angle and other spray parameters on nozzle design and operating conditions. SAE technical paper 790494

  • Reitz RD, Bracco FV (1982) Mechanism of atomization of a liquid jet. Phys Fluids 25(10):1730–1742

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Rothamer DA, Murphy L (2013) Systematic study of ignition delay for jet fuels and diesel fuel in a heavy-duty diesel engine. Proc Combust Inst 34(2):3021–3029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siebers DL (1998) Liquid-phase fuel penetration in diesel sprays. SAE technical paper 980809

  • Siebers D, Higgins B, Pickett L (2002) Flame lift-off on direct-injection diesel fuel jets: oxygen concentration effects. SAE technical paper 2002-01-0890

  • Silva C, Neto P, Pereira J (2009) The effects of acceleration in jets: kinematics of the near field vortices. Theoret Comput Fluid Dyn 23(4):287–296

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Stone R (1999) Introduction to internal combustion engines. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Varde KS, Popa DM (1983) Diesel fuel spray penetration at high injection pressures. SAE technical paper 830448

  • Wakuri Y, Fujii M, Amitani T, Tsuneya R (1960) Studies on the penetration of fuel spray in a diesel engine. Bull JSME 3(9):123–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu KJ, Steinberger RL, Santavicca DA, Bracco FV, Su CC (1983) Measurements of the spray angle of atomizing jets. J Fluids Eng 105(4):406–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Johari H (1996) Effects of acceleration on turbulent jets. Phys Fluids (1994 Present) 8(8):2185–2195

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Engine Research Center, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53705, USA

    Nicholas Neal & David Rothamer

Authors
  1. Nicholas Neal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David Rothamer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicholas Neal.

Additional information

This work was funded by the US Army Research Office under contract number W911NF-11-1-0533 with Dr. Ralph Anthenien as the technical monitor.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (pdf 964 KB)

Appendix: ensemble averaging

Appendix: ensemble averaging

The data presented in the results are primarily ensemble averages of multiple data sets. However, a small amount of fluctuation in the time between electronic start of injection energizing (SOE) and the actual SOI provided an incorrect penetration shape during averaging, as noted in Kostas et al. (2009). To remove the uncertainty associated with variability in the exact SOI, the exact timing for the initial ramp-up of the penetration rates were shifted in time such that the root mean square error of the difference between the initial slopes of the ROI of each case was minimized, as seen in Fig. 21. Unless otherwise specified, data presented are the mean of \(N_m\) injection events where \(N_m\) ranges between 8 and 10.

Fig. 21
figure 21

Process of aligning penetration data, adjusting for variance in SOE–SOI delay. Original, uncorrected data sets from post-processing algorithm in part (a), time-corrected sets in part (b)

Full size image

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Neal, N., Rothamer, D. Measurement and characterization of fully transient diesel fuel jet processes in an optical engine with production injectors. Exp Fluids 57, 155 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2239-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2239-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation