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Phytotoxicity and Identification of Secondary Metabolites of Sapindus saponaria L. Leaf Extract

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the phytotoxic effects of hexane and ethyl acetate fractions obtained from a leaf extract of Sapindus saponaria on the germination and seedling growth of Euphorbia heterophylla (wild poinsettia) and Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) and to isolate and identify the major bioactive compounds. A crude ethanol extract was prepared from 100 g of dry plant material in 500 mL of ethanol. The extract was fractionated by liquid–liquid extraction, and the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were solubilized at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg mL−1. The effect of these fractions was compared with the oxyfluorfen herbicide in bioassays. The hexane and ethyl acetate fractions inhibited germination, induced abnormalities, and reduced seedling growth of E. crus-galli and E. heterophylla with concentration-dependent effects. The phytotoxicity of the fractions ranged according to the receptor species, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed a greater inhibitory effect than the hexane fraction on seedling development. For both species, the oxyfluorfen herbicide inhibited mainly shoot growth, whereas the plant extracts inhibited seedling root growth. The S. saponaria fractions caused a reduction of more than 50 % in the size of metaxylem cells of E. heterophylla roots. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained from S. saponaria leaves was subjected to fractionation, and the substance isolated was identified as 3-(1,2-dimethyl-5-oxabicyclo [2.1.1] hexan-2-yl) but-2-enoic acid. This compound also inhibited the germination and seedling growth of E. crus-galli and E. heterophylla, but the ethyl acetate fraction was more potent in reducing seedling growth.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 2011/11.860-5) for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil

    Patrícia Umeda Grisi & Sônia Cristina Juliano Gualtieri

  2. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil

    Moacir Rossi Forim & Eveline Soares Costa

  3. ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

    Marcos Fernando Franco & Marcos Nogueira Eberlin

  4. Science and Technology of Mato Grosso - Campus, Federal Institute of Education, MT 235 Km 12, Campo Novo do Parecis, MT, 78360-000, Brazil

    Simoni Anese

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  1. Patrícia Umeda Grisi
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Correspondence to Patrícia Umeda Grisi.

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Grisi, P.U., Forim, M.R., Costa, E.S. et al. Phytotoxicity and Identification of Secondary Metabolites of Sapindus saponaria L. Leaf Extract. J Plant Growth Regul 34, 339–349 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-014-9469-2

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