Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Highly confined and continuous single-mode operation of self-align photonic crystal oxide VCSEL

  • Published:
Applied Physics B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this letter, we report on single-mode operation of originally multi-mode oxide VCSEL by using etched photonic crystal air holes and unique trench structure. The device fabrication utilized conventional photolithography; with simplified lithography step of self-aligning the photonic crystal and trench structures to the laser aperture for efficient and vigorous device processing. The fabricated photonic crystal VCSEL with trench device exhibits a single-mode output power of 0.7 mW, threshold current of 3.5 mA, slope efficiency of 0.10 W/A, and continuous single-mode output spectra at wide operating current range. The results are compared with conventional multi-mode oxide VCSEL of similar device geometry. In addition, theoretical analysis is presented for developing further understanding of the photonic crystal VCSEL.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. K. Iga, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 6, 1201 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. F. Koyama, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 4502 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. C.W. Wilmsen, H. Temkin, L.A. Coldren, Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers: Design, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  4. P. Pepeljugoski, D. Kuchta, Y. Kwark, P. Pleunis, G. Kuyt, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 717 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. K.D. Choquette, K.L. Lear, R.P. Schneider, K.M. Geib, J.J. Figiel, R. Hull, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7, 1237 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. B. Weigl, M. Grabherr, C. Jung, R. Jager, G. Reiner, R. Michalzik, D. Sowada, K.J. Ebeling, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 3, 409 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Jung, R. Jager, M. Grabherr, P. Schnitzer, R. Michalzik, B. Weigl, S. Muller, K.J. Ebeling, Electron. Lett. 33, 1790 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. R.A. Morgan, G.D. Guth, M.W. Focht, M.T. Asom, K. Kojima, L.E. Rogers, S.E. Callis, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4, 374 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. H. Martinsson, J.A. Vukusic, M. Grabherr, R. Michalzik, R. Jager, K.J. Ebeling, A. Larsson, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 1536 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Haglund, J.S. Gustavsson, J. Vukusic, P. Modh, A. Larsson, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 368 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. E. Soderberg, P. Modh, J.S. Gustavsson, A. Larsson, Z.Z. Zhang, J. Berggren, M. Hammar, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19, 327 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. E.W. Young, K.D. Choquette, S.L. Chuang, K.M. Geib, A.J. Fischer, A.A. Allerman, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 927 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Furukawa, S. Sasaki, M. Hoshi, A. Matsuzono, K. Moritoh, T. Baba, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5161 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. P.O. Leisher, A.J. Danner, J.J. Raftery Jr., D.F. Siriani, K.D. Choquette, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 42, 1091 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. H.P.D. Yang, I.-C. Hsu, F.-I. Lai, H.C. Kuo, J.Y. Chi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45, L871 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. D.S. Song, S.H. Kim, H.G. Park, C.K. Kim, Y.H. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3901 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. N. Yokouchi, A.J. Danner, K.D. Choquette, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9, 1439 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. J.H. Baek, D.S. Song, I.K. Hwang, K.H. Lee, Y.H. Lee, Y. Ju, T. Kondo, T. Miyamoto, F. Koyama, Opt. Express 12, 859 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. A.J. Danner, J.J. Raftery Jr., P.O. Leisher, K.D. Choquette, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 091114 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. P.O. Leisher, A.J. Danner, K.D. Choquette, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2156 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. A.M. Kasten, M.P. Tan, J.D. Sulkin, P.O. Leisher, K.D. Choquette, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 2010 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. A.M. Kasten, J.D. Sulkin, P.O. Leisher, D.K. McElfresh, D. Vacar, K.D. Choquett, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14, 1123 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. T. Czyszanowski, R.P. Sarzala, M. Dems, H. Thienpont, W. Nakwaski, K. Panajotov, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 206, 1396 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. T. Czyszanowski, R.P. Sarzala, M. Dems, W. Nakwaski, H. Thienpont, K. Panajotov, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 093102 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. D.F. Siriani, P.O. Leisher, K.D. Choquette, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45, 762 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Paul O. Leisher, J.D. Sulkin, K.D. Choquette, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13, 1290 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. K.H. Lee, J.-H. Baek, I.-K. Hwang, Y.-H. Lee, G.-H. Lee, J.-H. Ser, H.-D. Kim, H.-E. Shin, Opt. Express 12, 1301 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  28. T. Birks, J. Knight, P. Russell, Opt. Lett. 22, 961 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Ferrando, E. Silvestre, J.J. Miret, P. Andres, M.V. Andres, Opt. Lett. 24, 276 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Z. Zhu, T.G. Brown, Opt. Express 10, 853 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. H.-P.D. Yang, I.-C. Hsu, Y.-H. Chang, F.-I. Lai, H.-C. Yu, G. Lin, R.-S. Hsiao, N.A. Maleev, S.A. Blokhin, H.-C. Kuo, J.Y. Chi, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 26, 1387 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  32. G.P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems (Wiley, New York, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  33. N. Yokouchi, A.J. Danner, K.D. Choquette, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1344 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microelectronics & Nanotechnology Program, Telekom Malaysia Research & Development (TMR&D), Lingkaran Teknokrat Timur, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. S. Alias

  2. Institute of Microengineering & Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    S. Shaari

  3. nLight Corporation, 5408 NE 88th St., Bldg. E, Vancouver, WA, 98665, USA

    P. O. Leisher

  4. Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    K. D. Choquette

Authors
  1. M. S. Alias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Shaari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. O. Leisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. D. Choquette
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. S. Alias.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Alias, M.S., Shaari, S., Leisher, P.O. et al. Highly confined and continuous single-mode operation of self-align photonic crystal oxide VCSEL. Appl. Phys. B 100, 453–459 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-010-4062-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-010-4062-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation