Abstract
Parental effects have been largely unexplored in marine organisms and may play a significant role in dictating the phenotypic range of traits in coral offspring, influencing their ability to survive environmental challenges. This study explored parental effects and life-stage differences in the Hawaiian reef-building coral Montipora capitata from different environments by examining the biochemical composition of mature coral colonies and their eggs. Our results indicate that there are large biochemical differences between adults and eggs, with the latter containing higher concentration of lipids (mostly wax esters), ubiquitinated proteins (which may indicate high turnover rate of proteins) and antioxidants (e.g., manganese superoxide dismutase). Adults displayed high phenotypic plasticity, with corals from a high-light environment having more wax esters, lighter tissue δ13C signatures and higher Symbiodinium densities than adults from the low-light environment who had higher content of accessory pigments. A green-algal pigment (α-carotene) and powerful antioxidant was present in eggs; it is unclear whether this pigment is acquired from heterotrophic food sources or from endolithic green algae living in the adult coral skeletons. Despite the broad phenotypic plasticity displayed by adults, parental investment in the context of provisioning of energy reserves and antioxidant defense was the same in eggs from the different sites. Such equality in investment maximizes the capacity of all embryos and larvae to cope with challenging conditions associated with floating at the surface and to disperse successfully until an appropriate habitat for settlement is found.
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Acknowledgments
Special thanks to M. Sales, J. Cozo, R. Gabriel, G. Carter, M. Hagedorn, P. Duarte-Quiroga, K. Stender and the wonderful volunteers who helped to collect samples during the spawning events. Thanks to R. Briggs, S. Christensen and Y. Matsui for their invaluable technical support and to K. Ruttenberg for laboratory space. Thanks to M. Gorbunov, R. Kinzie and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. JLPG was supported by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT), the World Bank Coral Reef Targeted Research program and the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE). The research was funded by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0752604 to RDG and OIA-0554657 administered by the University of Hawai’i, OCE-0542415 to AGG) and the Pauley Foundation. This is HIMB contribution number 1519, SOEST contribution number 8753 and 2007 Pauley Summer Program Contribution number 8.
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Communicated by Biology Editor Dr. Mark Vermeij
Ada Alamaru, Laetitia Hédouin, Xavier Hernández-Pech, Frederique Kandel, Sherril Leon Soon and Melissa S. Roth contributed equally to this work.
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Appendix I. Linear regression representing the relationship between the number of egg–sperm bundles and their respective ash-free dry weight (mg) in Montipora capitata (EPS 449 kb)
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Padilla-Gamiño, J.L., Bidigare, R.R., Barshis, D.J. et al. Are all eggs created equal? A case study from the Hawaiian reef-building coral Montipora capitata . Coral Reefs 32, 137–152 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0957-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0957-1