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The forest people: landscape and firewood use in the Araruama region, southeastern Brazil, during the late Holocene

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Abstract

The site of Morro Grande, situated in the Araruama region, southeastern Brazil (22º47′07″S, 42º21′49″W), is in the Atlantic rainforest phytogeographical domain. It is attributed to proto-Tupinambá agriculturalist and ceramicist populations, recognized by their typical polychrome ceramics. Four periods of occupation were identified at this site: (1) 3,220–2,840 cal b.p.; (2) 3,000–2,150 cal b.p.; (3) 1,820–1,390 cal b.p.; and (4) c. 750 cal. b.p. Analysis of 3,908 charcoal fragments from the three earlier periods has allowed the identification of 78 taxa and 29 plant families. This work demonstrates the permanence of the Atlantic rainforest in the region between 3,220 and 1,390 cal b.p., confirming previous palaeoenvironmental studies in southeastern and southern Brazil. The existence of mature forests is demonstrated; however, firewood was collected mainly from secondary vegetation, probably in the area surrounding the settlement or from cultivated land. These results provide further evidence of human influence on Neotropical rainforests. Creation of secondary environments, however, did not result in irreversible damage to local biodiversity, since the forest tended to regenerate after the clearings were abandoned. Analysis of charcoal concentrated in features allowed the identification of ritual funerary hearths, as well as of a probable specialized feature for firing ceramics. This evidence affords new perspectives for the archaeological interpretation of the funerary ritual and way of life of proto-Tupinambá people.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Manuel Arroyo-Kalin (University College London, UCL Institute of Archaeology), Freddy Damblon (Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique), and an anonymous referee for revision of the manuscript and suggestions that greatly improved the text, as well as to Claudia Franca Barros and the Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro for the use of the scanning electron microscope. R. Scheel-Ybert is a CNPq fellowship holder. Scientific research that made this paper possible is funded by National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) and Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) projects.

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  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia, Laboratório de Arqueobotânica e Paisagem, Departamento de Antropologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040, Brazil

    Rita Scheel-Ybert

  2. Instituto Estadual do Ambiente do Rio de Janeiro, Gerência de Geoprocessamento e Estudos Ambientais, Rua Sacadura Cabral 103, Rio de Janeiro, 20081-261, Brazil

    Mariana Beauclair

  3. Laboratório de Arqueologia Brasileira, Estrada da Queimada 5, Duque de Caxias, 25251-050, Brazil

    Angela Buarque

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Correspondence to Rita Scheel-Ybert.

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Scheel-Ybert, R., Beauclair, M. & Buarque, A. The forest people: landscape and firewood use in the Araruama region, southeastern Brazil, during the late Holocene. Veget Hist Archaeobot 23, 97–111 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-013-0397-z

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