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Production of extracellular hydrolase enzymes by fungi from King George Island

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Abstract

Fungi are known to produce a range of extracellular enzymes and other secondary metabolites. Investment in extracellular enzyme production may be an important element of the survival strategy of these fungi in maritime Antarctic soils. This study focuses on fungi that were isolated from ornithogenic, undisturbed and human-impacted soils collected from the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, during the austral summer in February 2007. We (1) describe fungal diversity based on molecular approaches, (2) describe the thermal characteristics of the fungal isolates, and (3) screen extracellular hydrolase enzyme production (amylase and cellulase) by the isolates. Soil samples were cultured using the Warcup soil plating technique and incubated at 4 and 25 °C to allow basic thermal classification. In total, 101 isolates were obtained. All the isolates were screened at culture temperatures of 4 and 25 °C in order to detect activity of extracellular hydrolase enzymes. At 25 °C, ornithogenic penguin rookery soils recorded the lowest diversity of fungi, with little difference in diversity apparent between the other soils examined. At 4 °C, an undisturbed site recorded the lowest and a human-impacted site the highest diversity of fungi. The majority of the fungi identified in this study were in the mesophilic thermal class. Six strains possessed significant activity for amylase and 13 for cellulase at 25 °C. At 4 °C, four strains showed significant amylase and 22 significant cellulase activity. The data presented increase our understanding of microbial responses to environmental temperature.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Malaysian Antarctic Research Program and the University of Malaya for support and the provision of research facilities, and the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, Sultan Mizan Antarctica Research Award, Postgraduate Research Fund PG041-2013A, UMRG RG007-2012C and the Instituto Antarctico Chileno for logistics and support of the fieldwork. PC is supported by NERC core funding to the BAS core ‘Ecosystems’ programme and also by a Visiting Professorship to the University of Malaya. We thank anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and Peter Fretwell, British Antarctic Survey for providing South Shetland Islands map. This paper also contributes to the SCAR ‘Antarctic Thresholds—Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation’ research programme.

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  1. National Antarctic Research Centre, University Malaya, B303, Level 3, Block B, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Abiramy Krishnan, Peter Convey & Siti Aisyah Alias

  2. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK

    Peter Convey

  3. Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand

    Peter Convey

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción, Chile

    Gerardo Gonzalez-Rocha

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  1. Abiramy Krishnan
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Correspondence to Siti Aisyah Alias.

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This article is an invited contribution on Life in Antarctica: Boundaries and Gradients in a Changing Environment as the main theme of the XIth SCAR Biology Symposium. J. -M. Gili and R. Zapata Guardiola (Guest Editors).

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Krishnan, A., Convey, P., Gonzalez-Rocha, G. et al. Production of extracellular hydrolase enzymes by fungi from King George Island. Polar Biol 39, 65–76 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1606-7

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